June 2024 Global Climate Report

On August 12, 2024, coincident with the release of the July 2024 global climate report, NCEI will begin implementing a compressed global report release schedule. Enhancements to the NOAAGlobalTemp dataset implemented earlier this year provide stability in the global temperature anomaly value earlier in the following month than was seen with previous versions of this dataset. Please see NCEI's Monthly Release Schedule for updated release dates through the end of 2024.

Temperature

In January 2024, the NOAA Global Surface Temperature (NOAAGlobalTemp) dataset version 6.0.0 replaced version 5.1.0. This new version incorporates an artificial neural network (ANN) method to improve the spatial interpolation of monthly land surface air temperatures. The period of record (1850-present) and complete global coverage remain the same as in the previous version of NOAAGlobalTemp. While anomalies and ranks might differ slightly from what was reported previously, the main conclusions regarding global climate change are very similar to the previous version. Please see our Commonly Asked Questions Document and web story for additional information.

NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information calculates the global temperature anomaly every month based on preliminary data generated from authoritative datasets of temperature observations from around the globe. The major dataset, NOAAGlobalTemp version 6.0.0, updated in 2024, uses comprehensive data collections of increased global area coverage over both land and ocean surfaces. NOAAGlobalTempv6.0.0 is a reconstructed dataset, meaning that the entire period of record is recalculated each month with new data. Based on those new calculations, the new historical data can bring about updates to previously reported values. These factors, together, mean that calculations from the past may be superseded by the most recent data and can affect the numbers reported in the monthly climate reports. The most current reconstruction analysis is always considered the most representative and precise of the climate system, and it is publicly available through Climate at a Glance.

June 2024

June 2024 was the warmest June on record for the globe in NOAA's 175-year record. The June global surface temperature was 1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th-century average of 15.5°C (59.9°F). This is 0.15°C (0.27°F) warmer than the previous June record set last year, and the 13th consecutive month of record-high global temperatures. This ties with May 2015-May 2016 for the longest record warm global temperature streak in the modern record (since 1980). June 2024 marked the 48th consecutive June with global temperatures, at least nominally, above the 20th-century average.

Global land-only June temperature also was warmest on record at 1.75°C (3.15°F) above average. The ocean-only temperature also ranked warmest on record for June at 0.98°C (1.76°F) above average, 0.05°C (0.09°F) warmer than the previous record warm June last year, and the 15th-consecutive monthly ocean record high. These record temperatures occurred under ENSO-neutral conditions. According to NOAA's Climate Prediction Center, ENSO-neutral conditions are present and La Niña is favored to develop during July-September (65% chance) and persist into the Northern Hemisphere winter 2024-25 (85% chance during November-January).

Record-warm June temperatures covered large parts of Africa, parts of southern Europe, Southeast Asia, and much of the northern two-thirds of South America. Anomalous warmth also covered large parts of North America, with the exception of central and western Canada. During June 2024, 14.5% of the world's surface had a record-high June temperature, exceeding the previous June record set in 2023 by 7.4%. Across the global land, 13.8% of its surface had a record-high June temperature. Meanwhile, 0.3% of the global land and ocean surface experienced a record-cold June temperature.

The record-warm June temperatures which were a continuation of record warmth throughout the first half of the year in large parts of South America contributed to early and expansive drying of the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetlands. This led to a record start to the fire season, with more than 2500 wildfires reported in the Pantanal in June, the most ever for the month since records began in 1998, and more than six times the number in the same month of 2020, which was the most active fire year on record for the Pantanal.

In other parts of the world, monthly temperature anomalies exceeding +2°C to 3°C covered areas including large parts of eastern Europe, North Africa, northern Argentina, and large parts of central and western Asia. In Greece, an early-season heat wave with multi-day temperature exceedances of 38ºC (100ºF) occurred in many places. The extreme heat led to the reported deaths of several tourists and forced the closure of some tourist sites during the hottest periods.

June temperatures more than 3°C above average also covered much of western Antarctica. Conversely, temperatures below the 1991—2020 mean occurred in most of Greenland, southern South America, northwestern Russia, eastern Asia, eastern Australia, and much of eastern Antarctica.

Over the global oceans record-warm June temperatures covered large parts of the equatorial Atlantic and the Caribbean, where Hurricane Beryl became the first Category 4 hurricane observed in the Atlantic Ocean during the month of June. Record-warm sea surface temperatures also occurred in parts of the equatorial western Pacific, the southeast Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. Across the global ocean, 14.8% of its surface had a record-high temperature for the month. Only 0.2% of the global ocean was record cold in June. Widespread areas of below-average June sea surface temperatures were largely confined to the southeastern Pacific.

In the Northern Hemisphere, June 2024 ranked warmest on record at 1.56°C (2.81°F) above average, 0.32°C (0.58°F) warmer than the previous June record of 2023. The Northern Hemisphere land temperature and ocean temperature also each ranked warmest on record for the month. The Southern Hemisphere experienced its second warmest June on record at 0.88°C (1.58°F) above average, 0.02°C (0.04°F) cooler than 2023. The Southern Hemisphere land temperature for June was third warmest while June's ocean temperature was second warmest on record.

June 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in degrees Celsius

June 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Percentiles

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

South America and Africa had their warmest Junes on record, exceeding the previous record warm June by extremely large amounts of 0.51°C (0.92°F) and 0.82°C (1.48°C), respectively. Europe had its second-warmest June on record.

• In Germany June 2024 was 0.4°C above the 1991–2020 average, tying 2006 as 29th warmest June since 1881.
• In Austria June 2024 in the lowlands and in the summit regions was 1.3°C above the 1991–2020 average; the 8th warmest June in the lowlands of Austria in the 258-year history of measurements and 7th warmest in the mountains in the 174-year mountain measurement series.
• In the United Kingdom June 2024 was cooler than average, 0.4°C below the 1991–2020 average, based on provisional data. All four countries of the United Kingdom had cooler than average mean temperatures.
• In Iceland, June 2024 was anomalously cold across the island with greater snowfall in the northern part of the country than normal. The average temperature in Reykjavík in June was 1.1°C below the 1991–2020 average, and in Akureyri it was 1.4°C below average for the month.
• In Argentina June temperatures were well above average in the north and northeast (3°C to 4°C above the 1991–2020 average), while temperatures in far southern parts of the country were cooler than average; more than 3°C below average in the furthest points south.

Asia had its warmest June and Oceania its 25th warmest June on record.

• The June 2024 national mean monthly temperature for Pakistan was 0.18°C above average, slightly warmer than country-average of 31.98°C. The hottest day of the month in Pakistan occurred at BhakKar (Punjab province) on the 13th and Turbat (Balochistan province) on the 24th and 25th with a maximum temperature of 49.0°C (120.2°F).
• According to the Hong Kong Observatory, June 2024 was 0.5°C above the average of 28.3°C.
• In Australia the national area-averaged mean temperature for June was 0.71°C above the 1961–1990 average. For Western Australia, it was the eighth-warmest June on record, with the area-averaged mean temperature 1.17°C above average.
• The national average June temperature for New Zealand was 1.1°C above the 1991–2020 June average, making it New Zealand’s 12th-warmest June since the national series began in 1909.

North America had its fourth-warmest June at 1.54°C (2.77°F) above average.

• The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. in June 2024 was 71.8°F, 3.4°F above the 1901-2020 average, ranking second warmest in the 130-year record.
• The Main Development Region for Atlantic Hurricanes had its warmest June on record, 1.77°C (3.19°F) above the 1910-2000 average. This is 0.08°C (0.14°F) above the second warmest June of 2023.

500 mb maps

In the atmosphere, 500-millibar height pressure anomalies correlate well with temperatures at the Earth's surface. The average position of the upper-level ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure—depicted by positive and negative 500-millibar height anomalies on the map—is generally reflected by areas of positive and negative temperature anomalies at the surface, respectively.

Year-to-date Temperature: January–June 2024

The January–June global surface temperature ranked warmest in the 175-year record at 1.29°C (2.32°F) above the 1901-2000 average of 13.5°C (56.2°F). According to NCEI's statistical analysis, there is a 59% chance that 2024 will rank as the warmest year on record and a 100% chance that it will rank in the top five.

For the January–June year-to-date period, record-warm temperatures occurred in much of South America from southern Brazil northward to Central America and much of Mexico as well as parts of southeast Canada and neighboring parts of the United States. A large area of record-warm temperatures also stretched from North Africa to southern and eastern Europe as well as large parts of the United Kingdom. Record-warmth also covered most of central and southern Africa and large parts of China and Southeast Asia. In the Arctic, January–June temperatures were more than 3.0°C above average across much of the region, and anomalously warm temperatures also were present across much of western Antarctica. Exceptions to the anomalous warmth included large parts of Greenland, particularly eastern areas of the island, where year-to-date temperatures were more than -1.5°C below the 1991–2020 average. Near-average to anomalously cool conditions also occurred in parts of western Russia, the southern tip of South America, parts of far eastern Russia, and some areas of northern Australia.

The first six months of the year had record-warm sea surface temperatures covering most all of the equatorial Atlantic and large parts of the subtropical Atlantic. Record warmth also encompassed much of the Indian Ocean and parts of the southern Atlantic and Southern Ocean as well as the western equatorial Pacific. Anomalously warm sea surface temperatures occurred in other areas of the globe with some exceptions. Sea surface temperatures below the 1991—2020 average were present in the southeast Pacific, small parts of the southern Indian Ocean, and some parts of the Southern Ocean.

January–June 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in degrees Celsius

January–June 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Percentiles

A smoothed map of blended land and sea surface temperature anomalies is also available.

South America, Europe, and Africa had their warmest January–June year-to-date periods, and North America its second-warmest such period on record. Oceania had its seventh-warmest January–June period and Asia its fourth warmest. Overall, the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere had their warmest such periods on record.

• The average temperature of the contiguous U.S. for the January–June 2024 period was was 50.9°F, 3.4°F above the 1901—2000 average, ranking second warmest on record for this period.
• The Caribbean region had its warmest January–June on record, 1.41°C (2.54°F) above the 1910-2000 average. This was 0.35°C (0.63°F) above the previous record-warm January–June in 2020.

Precipitation

The maps shown below represent precipitation percent of normal (left, using a base period of 1961–1990) and precipitation percentiles (right, using the period of record) based on the GHCN dataset of land surface stations.

June 2024

June 2024 Land-Only Precipitation Anomalies

June 2024 Land-Only Precipitation Percent of Normal

June was drier-than-average in areas that included most of the western United States and Alaska, large parts of the far eastern United States, an area stretching from northern Africa to southeastern Europe, the United Kingdom, large parts of eastern Russia, northeastern China, and parts of southern and eastern Australia. Areas that were wetter-than-average in June included parts of southern Japan, areas of eastern Europe, much of western Australia, large parts of the central United States, and southeast China, where in Guangdong Province heavy rainstorms caused loss of homes, roadways and bridges, damage to crops and dozens of reported deaths and missing persons.

Drought in June

Drought information is based on global drought indicators available at the Global Drought Information System website, and media reports summarized by the National Drought Mitigation Center.

June Overview:

• GDIS global indicators revealed beneficial precipitation fell across parts of the world during June 2024, with North America and Central America having the wettest June in the 1940-2024 ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis dataset and Southern Africa ranking 13^th wettest. But it continued dry in other regions. Eastern Africa had its eighth driest June, Africa (continent-wide) the tenth driest, and Mediterranean Basin the 14^th driest. It was the 43^rd driest (43^rd wettest) June globally.
• The month was characterized by excessive temperatures. June 2024 was the warmest June on record for several continents, based on NOAA/NCEI data, and for the world, according to several datasets that include NOAA/NCEI data, ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis data, and NASA data.
  • Africa, Asia, South America, and the Caribbean Islands each had their hottest June in the NOAA/NCEI record, with Europe ranking second hottest and North America fourth hottest.
  • The anomalous heat has been relentless, with each of the 12 time periods from June 2024 back through July 2023-June 2024 achieving record status for the globe, based on these datasets and the European Union’s climate change monitoring service (Copernicus).
  • The excessive heat of the last 12 months increased evapotranspiration which exacerbated the drought conditions.
• A significant portion of the world’s agricultural lands was still suffering from low soil moisture and groundwater levels — especially in the Americas, Africa, eastern Europe, and parts of Asia — and satellite observations showed stressed vegetation on most continents.
  • The GEOGLAM Crop Monitor indicated that agriculture was most threatened in parts of Central and South America, Africa, western Europe, southwest Russia, southern Australia, eastern China, and southeast Asia, as well as parts of the North American Plains.
  • The Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNet) revealed significant food insecurity continuing in parts of Central and South America, Southwest Asia, and much of Africa.

Europe:

• Much of Europe was warmer and wetter than normal in June. The month was drier than normal in eastern parts of the continent and over parts of the British Isles, based on the 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Continent-wide, Europe had its second warmest June in the 1910-2024 NOAA/NCEI temperature record and 36^th wettest June in the 1940-2024 ECMWF ERA5 Reanalysis precipitation record.
• Longer time scale SPI maps show dryness persisting in eastern parts of the continent (2 to 3 months), Scandinavia (2 to 9 months), and across the Mediterranean (3 to 72 months). Like the Mediterranean region, parts of Southeast Europe have been dry for most of the last 6 years.
• Satellite observations (GRACE) indicated depleted soil moisture continued across the eastern half of Europe, as well as along the Mediterranean coast and in Scandinavia. GRACE data also indicated depleted groundwater in these areas. However, satellite observations of vegetative health (Vegetative Health Index, VHI) revealed generally healthy vegetation due likely to beneficial precipitation of recent months.

Asia:

• June was warmer than normal across most of Asia; precipitation was above normal in some areas and below normal in other areas. The SPI maps showed dryness in June across parts of Southwest Asia, northern to eastern India, China, Southeast Asia, and several areas in Russia.
• The 3-month SPI map shows large areas of dryness across Russia with dry areas in Mongolia to India, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia. They are not as widespread and intense at longer time scales, except in Southwest Asia and from northeast India to Myanmar, where they are more intense and widespread, especially at 24- to 60-month time scales.
• Satellite observations (GRACE) showed low soil moisture, as well as low groundwater, across much of Southwest and Southeast Asia, northern India, parts of China and Mongolia, and much of Russia. Satellite data (VHI) revealed poor vegetative health across Southwest Asia, northern India, Southeast Asia, and parts of northern China and Mongolia to eastern Siberia.
• Drought conditions were confirmed over northern, eastern, and southwestern parts of India on the India Drought Monitor, covering 23.2% of the nation at the end of June, which is less than last month.

Africa:

• Parts of western, northwestern, and eastern Africa were dry during June while other parts, especially in the south and northeast, were wetter than normal. June temperatures were much warmer than normal across virtually the entire continent. Continent-wide, June 2024 was the warmest and 39^th wettest June in the NOAA/NCEI and ECMWF ERA5 records, respectively.
• The SPI maps show more intense and widespread dryness at longer time scales, especially in the south, west, and north at 2- to 12-month time scales. The driest areas on the SPI maps were southern Africa (especially at the 12-month time scale) and northwestern Africa, especially the Maghreb region. In northwestern Africa, the dryness at 12- to 60-month time scales was more intense for the longer time scales.
• Record heat characterized each of the last 12 time periods from June to July-June for Africa. The persistent heat increased evapotranspiration and made drought conditions more intense and widespread, with the SPEI maps showing almost all of the continent having some degree of drought for most time scales.
• Models and satellite (GRACE) observations revealed persistent low soil moisture and groundwater in the Maghreb and adjacent northern regions, and over much of central to southern Africa. Satellite observations of vegetative health (VHI) revealed stressed vegetation over virtually the entire continent, with the most severe conditions over the northern half of the continent and in the southwest.
• An analysis by the African Flood and Drought Monitor estimated 26% of the continent in drought at the end of June, which was a little less than last month, and included 13 countries in drought.

Australia:

• June 2024 brought beneficial rain to western Australia, while northern, eastern, and far southwestern parts of the continent, as well as Tasmania, were drier than normal.
• The June precipitation was not enough to make up deficits that have accumulated over the last several months, with western Australia having expanding and intensifying dryness on the SPI maps at longer time scales, especially starting at 6 months and going back to 24 months. Dry conditions have persisted across parts of southwest Australia and along the southern coast from the Bight in southern South Australia to Tasmania. Dryness was also evident on the SPI maps over parts of Northeast Australia as well as New Zealand.
• Dry soils were evident along the southern to southwest coast of Australia, including Tasmania, according to GRACE soil moisture data. The GRACE data showed low groundwater in these areas and in parts of central and western Australia and the northern half of New Zealand. Satellite observations (VHI) revealed stressed vegetation across much of Australia, especially the west and southern regions, as well as parts of the east.
• Australian Bureau of Meteorology analyses showed low streamflows in parts of southwestern and southeastern Australia and Tasmania; low water storage levels were indicated in Tasmania and western and eastern Australia, especially in the southeast and southwest coastal areas; and record low soil moisture in parts of southeast Australia.

South America:

• Southern, eastern, and northwestern coastal areas of South America were wetter than normal during June 2024, but most of the continent was drier than normal. Above-normal temperatures dominated South America, with only the southern and northwest tips near to cooler than normal. June 2024 ranked as the warmest June in the NOAA/NCEI record.
• SPI maps showed widespread dryness across Brazil and adjacent countries to the north, west, and south, as well as across the northern half of Argentina and Chile, at 1- to 2-month time scales. Dryness was not as intense at 3 months, but the intensity and coverage increased at longer time scales, extending into southern Argentina and Chile.
  • July 2023-June 2024 was the driest such 12-month period in the ECMWF ERA5 record, continent-wide.
• The dry conditions were accompanied by persistently hot temperatures in most areas. All 12 of the time scales from June 2024 back through July 2023-June 2024 ranked as the warmest such periods, continent-wide, in the NOAA/NCEI record. The hot temperatures increased evapotranspiration, with the ESI and EDDI maps showing most of the continent having unusually high evapotranspiration at the 6- to 12-month time scales.
  • When the effects of low precipitation and high temperatures are combined, the SPEI maps show much more intense and widespread drought, with most of the continent having some form of drought at the longer time scales.
• Satellite observations (GRACE) show dry soils and low groundwater across huge swaths of South America — from the northern coast to southern Brazil, across southern Peru and Bolivia to central Argentina, and over southern Chile and Argentina.
• Satellite analysis (VHI) revealed poor vegetative health in the countries along the west coast and from central Argentina to central Brazil.
• The Southern South America Drought Information System (SISSA) 3-month drought index indicated 28.7% of Chile and Argentina was in drought or abnormally dry at the end of June, which is more than last month; the 6-month drought index had 36.8% of the region in drought or abnormally dry, which is more than last month; and the 12-month drought index had 51.2% of the region in drought or abnormally dry, which is a little less than last month.
• CEMADEN (National Centre for Monitoring and Alerts of Natural Disasters) statistics indicated that, in Brazil, 739 municipalities had at least 40% of their agro-productive areas (agricultural activities and/or pastures) impacted by drought in June; last month the number was 279 municipalities. The number of municipalities in severe drought conditions across Brazil tripled, reaching 918 municipalities at the end of June.

North America:

• In North America, the SPI showed June as drier than normal across parts of Mexico, Canada, and the United States (U.S.), and wetter than normal across other parts of these three countries, but beneficial heavy precipitation fell across most of Central America. June temperatures were warmer than normal across most of the continent, except for near to cooler-than-normal monthly temperatures over western to central Canada and much of Central America.
  • NOAA/NCEI data ranked June 2024 as the fourth warmest June on record, continent-wide, and ECMWF ERA5 data gave a rank of wettest June on record.
• Unusual warmth characterized most of the last 12 months, with the periods April-June, February-June, and December-June through July-June (all 8 time periods) ranking warmest on record.
• It was particularly dry during the last 1 to 3 months across the western and southeastern contiguous U.S. (CONUS), the last 1 to 6 months over western and far eastern Canada, and the last 2 to 6 months over most of Mexico.
  • The SPI maps show most of Canada dry at 12 to 48 months, much of Mexico and Central America dry at 12 to 60 months, and in the U.S. — dryness in the southern and central Plains to Ohio Valley at 24 to 60 months, and in parts of the West at 48 to 72 months.
• The unusually warm temperatures increased evapotranspiration across much of Mexico to Canada, as seen on the June ESI and EDDI maps.
  • The unusual warmth/evapotranspiration is reflected on the SPEI maps by more intense and expansive drought, especially at the longer time scales — virtually all of Canada and Mexico, and much of Central America, have some degree of drought at 12 to 48 months, with severe drought across large parts of the U.S. southern Plains at 12 to 36 months and southern Plains to western CONUS at 48 months.
• According to NOAA/NCEI national analyses, the CONUS had the second warmest and 41^st driest June in the 1895-2024 record, with moderate to exceptional drought covering 18.7% of the CONUS (15.8% of the 50 states and Puerto Rico), which is more than a month ago. Moderate to exceptional drought covered 54.8% of Mexico at the end of the month, which is less than a month ago. The National Meteorological Service ranked June 2024 as the wettest June in the 1941-2024 record and warmest June in the 1953-2024 record. In Canada, 16.4% of the country was in moderate to exceptional drought, and 38.5% was classified as abnormally dry (D0) or in moderate to exceptional drought (D1-D4), both of which are less than last month.
• Satellite (GRACE) observations revealed extensive areas of low groundwater across much of western to central Canada and parts of eastern Canada, the southern Plains of the U.S. to the interior Pacific Northwest, and much of Mexico and Central America. GRACE observations of soil moisture indicated dry soils across those same areas in Canada, the Far West and southern Plains in the U.S., and large parts of Central America, but June rain improved soil moisture across much of Mexico.
• Satellite analysis (VHI) indicated poor vegetative health across western and southeastern parts of Canada, the western half of the U.S., and most of Mexico.
• The North American Drought Monitor (NADM) product depicted drought across the northern Rockies and Pacific Northwest, central Plains, southern Plains to Southwest, Ohio Valley to Mid-Atlantic coast, and much of the Southeast in the CONUS; across much of western and parts of central and eastern Canada; and across most of Mexico. NADM statistics showed 17.8% of the area and 24.5% of the population of North America affected by moderate to exceptional drought at the end of June; both of these are less than the values for the end of May.

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References

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