INVESTIGATORS:
Dorothee C. E. Bakker 
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Simone R. Alin 
- US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Seattle, WA, USA
Nicholas Bates
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS)
Meike Becker 
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Richard A. Feely 
- US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Seattle, WA, USA
Thanos Gkritzalis 
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ)
Steve D. Jones 
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Alex Kozyr 
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
Siv K. Lauvset 
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Nicolas Metzl 
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN)
David R. Munro 
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado
Shin-ichiro Nakaoka 
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
Yukihiro Nojiri
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
Kevin M. O'Brien 
- University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES)
Are Olsen 
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Denis Pierrot 
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
Gregor Rehder
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research
Tobias Steinhoff
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
Adrienne J. Sutton 
- US DOC; NOAA; OAR; Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Seattle, WA, USA
Colm Sweeney 
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), Boulder CO, USA
Bronte Tilbrook 
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
Chisato Wada
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
Rik Wanninkhof 
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
Yoana G. Voynova 
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
Xose A. Padín
- Institute of Marine Research Vigo (IIM)
William M. Drennan
-
Wilhelm Petersen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
Wiley Evans 
- Hakai Institute
Wei-Jun Cai 
- University of Delaware
Vlad A. Macovei 
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
Vivian A. Lutz
-
Tsuneo Ono 
- Fisheries Resource Institute / Fisheries Research and Education Agency
Toste Tanhua 
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Tim Newberger
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
Sólveig Rósa Ólafsdóttir 
- Icelandic Marine Research Institute (MRI)
Sylvia Musielewicz
- University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies
Stewart C. Sutherland
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Steven R. Emerson
- University of Washington (UW)
Stephan D. Howden 
- University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Marine Science
Stacy Maenner Jones
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Scott Noakes
- University of Georgia (UGA)
Rocío Castaño-Primo
-
Robert A. Weller
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Reiner Schlitzer 
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
Randy Bott
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Nathalie Lefèvre 
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques
Natalie M. Monacci 
- University of Alaska - Fairbanks (UAF)
Natalia Stamataki
-
Michiel T'Jampens
-
Michael Tomlinson
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa
Michael Glockzin
- Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences
Michael D. DeGrandpre
- University of Montana (UMT)
Melf Paulsen 
-
Martina Gehrung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
Margot Cronin
- Marine Institute Ireland
Marcos Fontela 
- Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)
Maciej Telszewski
- International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project
Lucía Epherra
-
Louisa Giannoudi
-
Linus Kamb
- University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES)
Leticia Barbero 
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
Leonidas Perivoliotis
-
Kevin F. Sullivan
- University of Miami Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
Kazutaka Enyo
- Japan Meteorological Agency
Kazuaki Tadokoro
- Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory
Julio M. Morell
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences
Joseph E. Salisbury 
- University of New Hampshire
Jorge E. Corredor
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Department of Marine Sciences
John Osborne
- University of Washington Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies
John Mickett
- University of Washington; Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)
John Akl
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
Jan Newton 
- University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)
J. Severino P. Ibánhez 
- Institute of Marine Research Vigo (IIM)
Ingunn Skjelvan
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE)
Ian C. Enochs
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)
Henry C. Bittig 
-
Hannelore Theetaert
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ)
George Petihakis
-
Frank J. Millero
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
Eugene F. Burger
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Eric H. De Carlo
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM)
Douglas Vandemark
- University of New Hampshire
Derek P. Manzello
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
Dana Manalang
-
Craig Neill
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
Cory M. Beatty
-
Constantin Frangoulis
-
Colin Dietrich
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Claire Lo Monaco 
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN)
Christopher L. Sabine 
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Chris Whitehead
-
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
-
Carmen Rodriguez
-
Carla F. Berghoff
-
Burke Hales 
- Oregon State University; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (OSU-CEOAS)
Björn Fiedler 
-
Arne Körtzinger 
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
Antón Velo 
- Institute of Marine Research Vigo (IIM)
Anna Rutgersson 
- Uppsala University
Albert J. Plueddemann
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION: The ocean absorbs one quarter of the global CO2 emissions from human activity. The community-led Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) is key for the quantification of ocean CO2 uptake and its variation, now and in the future. SOCAT version 2023 has quality-controlled in situ surface ocean fCO2 (fugacity of CO2) measurements on ships, moorings, autonomous and drifting surface platforms for the global oceans and coastal seas from 1957 to 2023. The main synthesis and gridded products contain fCO2 values with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 μatm. Sensor fCO2 data with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 μatm are separately available.
During quality control, marine scientists assign a flag to each data set, as well as WOCE flags of 2 (good), 3 (questionable) or 4 (bad) to individual fCO2 values. Data sets are assigned flags of A and B for an estimated accuracy of better than 2 μatm, flags of C and D for an accuracy of better than 5 μatm and a flag of E for an accuracy of better than 10 μatm. Bakker et al. (2016) describe the quality control criteria used in SOCAT versions 3 to 2023. Quality control comments for individual data sets can be accessed via the SOCAT Data Set Viewer (www.socat.info).
All data sets, where data quality has been deemed acceptable, have been made public. The main SOCAT synthesis files and the gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Access to data sets with an estimated accuracy of 5 to 10 (flag of E) and fCO2 values with flags of 3 and 4 is via additional data products and the Data Set Viewer (Table 8 in Bakker et al., 2016).
SOCAT publishes a global gridded product with a 1° longitude by 1° latitude resolution. A second product with a higher resolution of 0.25° longitude by 0.25° latitude is available for the coastal seas. The gridded products contain all data sets with an estimated accuracy of better than 5 µatm (data set flags of A to D) and fCO2 values with a WOCE flag of 2. Gridded products are available monthly, per year and per decade. Two powerful, interactive, online viewers, the Data Set Viewer and the Gridded Data Viewer (www.socat.info), enable investigation of the SOCAT synthesis and gridded data products. SOCAT data products can be downloaded. Matlab code is available for reading these files. Ocean Data View also provides access to the SOCAT data products (www.socat.info). SOCAT data products are discoverable, accessible and citable.
The SOCAT Data Use Statement (www.socat.info) asks users to generously acknowledge the contribution of SOCAT scientists by invitation to co-authorship, especially for data providers in regional studies, and/or reference to relevant scientific articles.
The SOCAT website (www.socat.info) provides a single access point for online viewers, downloadable data sets, the Data Use Statement, a list of contributors and an overview of scientific publications on and using SOCAT. Automation of data upload and initial data checks allows annual releases of SOCAT from version 4 onwards. SOCAT is used for quantification of ocean CO2 uptake and ocean acidification and for evaluation of climate models and sensor data. SOCAT products inform the annual Global Carbon Budget since 2013.
The annual SOCAT releases by the SOCAT scientific community are a Voluntary Commitment for United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 (Reduce Ocean Acidification) (#OceanAction20464). More broadly the SOCAT releases contribute to UN SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
Hundreds of peer-reviewed scientific publications and high-impact reports cite SOCAT. The SOCAT community-led synthesis product is a key step in the value chain based on in situ inorganic carbon measurements of the oceans, which provides policy makers with critical information on ocean CO2 uptake in climate negotiations. The need for accurate knowledge of global ocean CO2 uptake and its (future) variation makes sustained funding of in situ surface ocean CO2 observations imperative.
CITE AS: Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Alin, Simone R.; Bates, Nicholas; Becker, Meike; Feely, Richard A.; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Jones, Steve D.; Kozyr, Alex; Lauvset, Siv K.; Metzl, Nicolas; Munro, David R.; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; Nojiri, Yukihiro; O'Brien, Kevin M.; Olsen, Are; Pierrot, Denis; Rehder, Gregor; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Sweeney, Colm; Tilbrook, Bronte; Wada, Chisato; Wanninkhof, Rik; Akl, John; Barbero, Leticia; Beatty, Cory M.; Berghoff, Carla F.; Bittig, Henry C.; Bott, Randy; Burger, Eugene F.; Cai, Wei-Jun; Castaño-Primo, Rocío; Corredor, Jorge E.; Cronin, Margot; De Carlo, Eric H.; DeGrandpre, Michael D.; Dietrich, Colin; Drennan, William M.; Emerson, Steven R.; Enochs, Ian C.; Enyo, Kazutaka; Epherra, Lucía; Evans, Wiley; Fiedler, Björn; Fontela, Marcos; Frangoulis, Constantin; Gehrung, Martina; Giannoudi, Louisa; Glockzin, Michael; Hales, Burke; Howden, Stephan D.; Ibánhez, J. Severino P.; Kamb, Linus; Körtzinger, Arne; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lo Monaco, Claire; Lutz, Vivian A.; Macovei, Vlad A.; Maenner Jones, Stacy; Manalang, Dana; Manzello, Derek P.; Metzl, Nicolas; Mickett, John; Millero, Frank J.; Monacci, Natalie M.; Morell, Julio M.; Musielewicz, Sylvia; Neill, Craig; Newberger, Tim; Newton, Jan; Noakes, Scott; Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa; Ono, Tsuneo; Osborne, John; Padín, Xose A.; Paulsen, Melf; Perivoliotis, Leonidas; Petersen, Wilhelm; Petihakis, George; Plueddemann, Albert J.; Rodriguez, Carmen; Rutgersson, Anna; Sabine, Christopher L.; Salisbury, Joseph E.; Schlitzer, Reiner; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Stamataki, Natalia; Sullivan, Kevin F.; Sutherland, Stewart C.; T'Jampens, Michiel; Tadokoro, Kazuaki; Tanhua, Toste; Telszewski, Maciej; Theetaert, Hannelore; Tomlinson, Michael; Vandemark, Douglas; Velo, Antón; Voynova, Yoana G.; Weller, Robert A.; Whitehead, Chris; Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy (2023). Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2023 (SOCATv2023) (NCEI Accession 0278913). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25921/r7xa-bt92. Accessed [date].
DATA PACKAGES RELATED TO THIS ONE:
IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION FOR THIS DATA PACKAGE:
NCEI ACCESSION: 0278913
NCEI DOI: https://doi.org/10.25921/r7xa-bt92
SECTION/LEG: Coastal Carbon Project;
Moorings and Time Series project;
SOOP;
TYPES OF STUDY: Data synthesis product;Surface measurement;TEMPORAL COVERAGE:
START DATE: 1957-10-22
END DATE: 2023-01-04
SPATIAL COVERAGE:
GEOGRAPHIC NAMES:
Atlantic Ocean;Pacific Ocean;Indian Ocean;Arctic Ocean;Southern Ocean;
PLATFORMS: various SOOP and VOS platforms;
RESEARCH PROJECT(S): Coastal Carbon Project;
Moorings and Time Series Project;
Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP);
VARIABLES / PARAMETERS:
pCO2 (fCO2) autonomous |
Abbreviation: |
fCO2 |
Unit: |
uatm |
Observation type: |
Surface underway |
Measured or calculated: |
fCO2 recomputed from the raw data |
Equilibrator type: |
|
Equilibrator volume: |
|
How was pressure inside the equilibrator measured: |
|
SEA CO2 gas detector resolution: |
Accuracy: better than 5 uatm |
Quality flag convention: |
WOCE quality control flags are used: 2 = good value, 3 = questionable value, 4 = bad value |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT Team |
Sea Surface Salinity |
Abbreviation: |
SSS |
Observation type: |
measured, data synthesis |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT team |
Sea Surface Temperature |
Abbreviation: |
SST |
Unit: |
Deg. C |
Observation type: |
measured, data synthesis |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT Team |
Atmospheric Pressure |
Abbreviation: |
ATM_PPRE |
Unit: |
DBAR |
Observation type: |
measured, data synthesis |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT Team |
Pressure at Equilibrator |
Abbreviation: |
EQ_PRE |
Unit: |
DBAR |
Observation type: |
measured, data synthesis |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT Team |
Water Temperature at Equilibrator |
Abbreviation: |
EQ_TMP |
Unit: |
Deg. C |
Observation type: |
measured, data synthesis |
Researcher name: |
SOCAT Team |
PUBLICATIONS DESCRIBING THIS DATASET: Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B. Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., Xu, S. (2016) A multi-decade record of high quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data 8: 383-413. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: none;
FUNDING: Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office, EU, NSF, Japan Climate Research Programs
PROJECT TITLE:
Surface Water pCO2 measurements from ships; High-Resolution Ocean and Atmosphere pCO2 Time-Series Measurements
PROJECT ID:
SUBMITTED BY: Kevin M. O'Brien (kevin.m.o'brien@noaa.gov)
SUBMISSION DATE: 2022-06-02
REVISION DATE: 2023-06-20
PREVIOUS VERSIONS: Version 1.1