Experimental results of tethered amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats, summer 2015 (Zostera Experimental Network 2; ZEN2) (NCEI Accession 0277356)

This dataset contains biological and survey - biological data collected at eelgrass_beds_global during deployment ZEN2_2014 in the Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), Inner Sea - West Coast Scotland, Japan Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and North Pacific Ocean on 2013-05-01. These data include abundance, biomass, and taxon. The instruments used to collect these data include Scale. These data were collected by Dr Kevin Hovel of San Diego State University, Dr J Emmett Duffy of Smithsonian Institution, and John J. Stachowicz of University of California-Davis as part of the "Global biodiversity and functioning of eelgrass ecosystems (Zostera Experimental Network 2) (ZEN 2)" project. The Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) submitted these data to NCEI on 2023-01-23.

The following is the text of the dataset description provided by BCO-DMO:

Amphipod and isopod survival in global eelgrass habitats

Dataset Description:
Acquisition Description:
In the summer of 2015 we quantified predation risk for mesograzers using identical experiments conducted at 17 sites spread across North America, Europe, and Asia (see Table 1 at end of this document). In each experiment, we used tethering to determine relative predation risk for locally collected organisms along patch edges and in patch interiors under three levels of simulated eelgrass degradation (0, 50, and 80% shoot loss) in a crossed design. Epifauna selected for tethering were small (approximately 2 – 20 mm in length) mesograzers (gammarid amphipods and isopods) that are commonly found in the guts of small fishes (Table 1). Tethering measures the relative mortality rate of prey among different treatments, and because tethered prey cannot flee from predators, represents the relative mortality rate for prey that are readily available to predators (Aronson & Heck 1995). Though organisms used in tethering experiments differed in species and sizes among sites, we only used taxa of sizes that are commonly found in the guts of predators at each site.

To set up experiments, at each site we first selected a large eelgrass bed (typically > 5,000 m2) in shallow water (0.5 – 1.5 m water depth at low tide) with a distinct edge formed by an abrupt transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sand or mud. Edge habitat was defined as being within eelgrass but within 1 m of the transition from eelgrass to unvegetated sediment, and interior habitat was > 5 m from this transition. We chose these distances because in seagrass habitat edge effects on mortality and abundance of small epifauna typically occur within 1 m from patch edges (Tanner 2005, MacReadie et al. 2010). Patch vegetation consisted exclusively of eelgrass, except for epibionts or sparse drift algae. At each site, we created 21 experimental blocks along the edge and 21 experimental blocks within the interior of the eelgrass bed. Each block consisted of two 1 m x 1 m eelgrass plots separated by a distance of 30 cm. One randomly selected plot in each block was designated for tethering mesograzers, and the other plot was used to tether larger organisms in a companion experiment (data are not listed for this companion experiment). We randomly selected seven of the 21 blocks at the edge and in the interior, and after obtaining shoot counts within these plots, haphazardly pulled shoots by hand to thin each plot to 50% of its ambient shoot density, creating 50% shoot loss plots. Another randomly selected seven blocks were thinned to 20% ambient shoot density (80% shoot loss plots), and the remaining seven remained at ambient shoot density.

To conduct experimental trials, we affixed locally collected mesograzers to 10 cm pieces of monofilament (Fireline™; dia. 0.13 mm) tied near the top of 40 cm clear acrylic rods. After being tethered in the lab, each mesograzer was held in seawater overnight before being deployed to the center of a randomly chosen plot, 15 cm above the sediment surface, between 0800 – 1100 h the next morning. Trials lasted 24 h, at which time we retrieved acrylic rods and scored each individual as alive, eaten (fragments of the carapace remaining on the tether), missing, or molted (entire carapace remaining on the tether). We considered organisms that went missing to have been consumed by predators because no organisms tethered in predator-free controls at three sites (n = 20 mesograzers at Bodega Bay, Finland, and San Diego) fell off tethers after 48 h. Few animals molted on tethers, and any that did were removed from the analysis. Four trials of the experiment were conducted over a 7 – 10 day period at each site (N = 7 individuals per treatment per trial * 6 treatments * 4 trials = 168 organisms tethered per site).

Immediately after trials concluded at a site we sampled plots in which mesograzers were tethered for epibiont biomass and epifaunal biomass. Epibiont biomass represented the degree to which eelgrass shoots were colonized by epiphytic algae and sessile epifauna such as bryozoans; these organisms contribute to variability in structural complexity at very small scales. We used the biomass of mobile crustacean epifauna as a proxy for prey density. To quantify epibiont biomass, three shoots near the center of each plot were haphazardly selected and removed from the plot, and returned to the laboratory where all epibionts were scraped from shoots, dried, and weighed. Scraped shoots also were dried and weighed to calculate epibiont biomass per unit eelgrass biomass. Epifauna were sampled by placing a 500 m mesh bag with a 20 cm diameter opening over eelgrass in a haphazardly selected area of each plot. This method targets small mobile mesograzers, but not larger mesopredators. Captured organisms were removed from eelgrass blades in the laboratory, separated into crustaceans vs. others taxa (primarily gastropods), and weighed. Eelgrass collected in the bag was dried and weighed to standardize epifaunal biomass per unit eelgrass biomass.

Instruments: Experiments were conducted individually at each site, so instrumentation varied among sites. At each site, a balance was used to measure biomass of organisms collected in plots. In the field, sampling of organisms was performed by collecting organisms in mesh bags or by clipping shoots. Shoot counts were made using PVC or wire rings laid over plots.

Table 1. (A) Sites used in the tethering experiment, their locations, and principle investigators involved in the study. (B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.

Code

Site

Principle Investigator

Latitude

Longitude

BB

Bodega Bay, California, USA

J. Stachowicz

38.379

-123.053

CR

Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia

C. Kruschel

44.211

15.491

FI

Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland

C. Boström

60.108

21.711

FR

Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France

F. Rossi

43.446

3.661

JN

Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan

M. Nakaoka

43.052

144.842

JS

Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan

M. Hori

34.294

132.915

KO A

Dong-dae Bay, Korea

K-S Lee

34.894

128.017

KO B

Koje Bay, Korea

K-S Lee

34.800

128.583

MX

Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico

C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen

31.752

-116.626

NC

Back Sound, North Carolina, USA

J. Fodrie

34.671

-76.573

NI

Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland

N. O'Connor

54.519

5.562

OR

Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA

F. Nash

44.613

-124.013

QU

Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada

M. Cusson

49.081

-68.311

SD

San Diego Bay, California, USA

K. Hovel

32.714

-117.171

SF

San Francisco Bay, California, USA

K. Boyer

37.940

-122.409

VA

Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA

E. Duffy

37.220

-37.254

WA

Willapa Bay, Washington, USA

J. Ruesink

46.497

-124.025

(B) Taxa used for the tethering experiment at each site.

Code

Site

Principle Investigator

Latitude

Longitude

BB

Bodega Bay, California, USA

J. Stachowicz

38.379

-123.053

CR

Posejarje, Adriatic Sea, Croatia

C. Kruschel

44.211

15.491

FI

Angso Island, Baltic Sea, Finland

C. Boström

60.108

21.711

FR

Bouzigues, Mediterranean Sea, France

F. Rossi

43.446

3.661

JN

Shinryu, Hokkaido, Japan

M. Nakaoka

43.052

144.842

JS

Akiwan Bay, Hiroshima, Japan

M. Hori

34.294

132.915

KO A

Dong-dae Bay, Korea

K-S Lee

34.894

128.017

KO B

Koje Bay, Korea

K-S Lee

34.800

128.583

MX

Punt Banda Estuary, Baja, Mexico

C. Hereu, P. Jorgensen

31.752

-116.626

NC

Back Sound, North Carolina, USA

J. Fodrie

34.671

-76.573

NI

Greyabbey, Irish Sea, Northern Ireland

N. O'Connor

54.519

5.562

OR

Sally's Bend, Oregon, USA

F. Nash

44.613

-124.013

QU

Point-Lebel, Quebec, Canada

M. Cusson

49.081

-68.311

SD

San Diego Bay, California, USA

K. Hovel

32.714

-117.171

SF

San Francisco Bay, California, USA

K. Boyer

37.940

-122.409

VA

Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA

E. Duffy

37.220

-37.254

WA

Willapa Bay, Washington, USA

J. Ruesink

46.497

-124.025