Observation Types
Table 1. Proposed data standards for the purpose of submitting common types of OAE data. A CTD rosette consists of a metal frame that houses a collection of sensors and water sampling bottles. The abbreviation CTD stands for conductivity, temperature, and depth, which are the three primary variables measured by a CTD sensor. Furthermore, the rosette frame can accommodate additional sensors to measure various oceanographic variables such as oxygen, chlorophyll a, etc..
| Types | Definition | Data Standards |
|---|---|---|
| Profile | The collection of discrete water samples from the ocean at specific locations and depths, using sampling bottles (e.g., Niskin). The samples are then analyzed in a laboratory to determine various oceanographic parameters, such as dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels. It can also refer to continuous measurements using autonomous sensors mounted on a CTD rosette. | Column headers for profile data1 Data file example2 Jiang et al. (2022) |
| Surface underway | Continuous measurements of oceanographic variables at the ocean surface using sensors, often in flow-through systems onboard research vessels or ships of opportunity, to obtain real- time information about the ocean's physical and chemical conditions, such as temperature, salinity, and fCO2. |
Column headers for underway data3 Data file example4 |
| Time-series | Continuous measurements of oceanographic variables using autonomous or remotely operated platforms. Examples including time-series mooring, un- crewed surface vehicles (USVs, e.g., Saildrones), profiling floats (e.g., Argo), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs, e.g., gliders), instead of traditional crewed research vessels. |
Column headers for autonomous data5 Data file example6 |
| Laboratory experiments (Iglesias-Rodríguez et al., 2023, this Guide) | A scientific investigation in which researchers manipulate parameters of the car- bonate system in an aquarium of a laboratory to simulate future OAE conditions and observe the responses of one or multiple selected marine organisms. |
Column headers for physiological data7 Data file example8 |
| Mesocosms (Riebesell et al., 2023, this Guide) | Mesocosm studies are conducted in large, controlled outdoor tanks or enclo- sures that simulate natural conditions in the ocean. Mesocosms allow for the examination of multiple interacting factors that can affect the response of a community of marine organisms to OAE, including physical processes, such as hydrodynamics, and complex biological interactions, such as predator-prey relationships. |
Column headers for physiological data7 Data file example8 |
| Field experiments (Cyronak et al., 2023, this Guide) | Field experimental studies typically involve the manipulation of total alkalinity and carbon dioxide levels in seawater at natural coastal or offshore sites and then monitoring the response of the surrounding marine ecosystem. |
Column headers for physiological data7 Data file example8 |
| Natural analogues (Subhas et al., 2023, this Guide) | Natural gradients in carbonate chemistry and other relevant parameters can be used to study the sensitivity of the ocean system to future OAE conditions. The response of marine species and the broader ecosystem can be assessed in terms of their long-term acclimation and adaptation to enhanced total alkalinity. |
Column headers for physiological data7 Data file example8 |
| Model outputs (Fennel et al., 2023, this Guide) | The outputs of mathematical models that simulate Earth system processes can be used to simulate real-world scenarios, and assess the impacts of different policies, among other purposes. | Balajit et al. (2018) |
Citation:
Jiang, L.-Q., Subhas, A., Basso, D., Fennel, K., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2023). Data reporting and sharing for ocean alkalinity enhancement research, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research (OAE Guide 23), edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023.
