Daily mean air temperature data for the North American Great Lakes based on coastal weather stations; 1897-2023 (NCEI Accession 0291722)
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title: Daily mean air temperature data for the North American Great Lakes based on coastal weather stations; 1897-2023 (NCEI Accession 0291722)
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Anchor: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/person/details/5888 Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome
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abstract: Daily maximum and minimum air temperature data were obtained from the Global Historical Climatology Network daily (GHCNd, Menne, et al. 2012) and the Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983 (Assel et al. 1995). Daily air temperature was calculated by taking a simple average of daily maximum and minimum air temperature. To accurately capture climate trends and variability, it is critical to ensure data consistency across the historical record, such as spatial coverage, a number of representative weather stations, and measurement details (e.g., sensor types and heights, measurement protocols) as any inconsistencies could result in apparent climate change in the data record. Bearing this in consideration and following Cohn et al. (2021), a total of 24 coastal locations along the Great Lakes were selected (see Figure 1 in the Method Document). These 24 locations had relatively consistent station data records since the 1890s while data from other locations had large gaps in time, or had inconsistencies among data from neighboring stations. Each of the selected locations had multiple weather stations in their proximity covering the historical period from 1890s to 2023, representing the weather conditions around the location. Only a couple of stations covered the whole historical period (e.g., Green Bay, WI). Therefore, for most of the locations, datasets from multiple stations in the proximity of each location were combined to create a continuous data record from the 1890s to 2023 (see Table 1 in the Method Document for station information and periods for which the station data was used). When doing so, data consistency was verified by comparing the data during the period when station datasets overlap. This procedure resulted in almost continuous timeseries, except for a few locations that still had temporal gaps of one to several days (e.g., Escanaba, MI). Therefore, any temporal data gap less than 10 days in the combined timeseries were filled based on the linear interpolation. This resulted in completely continuous timeseries for all the locations. Average daily air temperature was calculated from January 1, 1897 to October 22, 2023 by simply making an average of timeseries data from corresponding locations around each lake. This resulted in daily air temperature records for all five Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario). The cumulative freezing degree days (CFDDs) and the net melting degree days (NMDDs) were also added to this version of the dataset. The description of the calculation methods for CFDD and NMDD can be found in the method document included in this dataset.
purpose: This data was created for climate relevant research to understand decadal trends and variability. It is critical to ensure data consistency across the historical record, such as spatial coverage, a number of representative weather stations, and measurement details (e.g., sensor types and heights, measurement protocols) as any inconsistencies could result in apparent climate change in the data record. This data was created with a special care to ensure the temporal consistency to accurately capture climate trends and variability.
credit: Funding Agency: National Science Foundation
credit: Funding Agency: US DOC; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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maintenanceNote: NCEI Accession 0291722 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made.
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useLimitation: Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
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title: Assel, R. A. (1995). GLERL Great Lakes Air Temperature/Degree Day Climatology, 1897-1983. NSIDC. https://doi.org/10.7265/n5vd6wcj
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title: Cohn, D., Davedu, S., Liu, L., Nakashima, M., & Peng, I. (2021). Great Lakes Ice Cover: Enriching Database and Improving Forecast. My University. https://doi.org/10.7302/1050
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title: Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., & Houston, T. G. (2012). An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29(7), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00103.1
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beginPosition: 1897-01-01
endPosition: 2023-10-22
supplementalInformation: In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number. This dataset contains software code under MIT License found at: https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html.
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function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/291722
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: HTTPS
description: Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0226/0291722/
protocol: FTP
applicationProfile: Any FTP client
name: FTP
description: These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP).
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1 was published.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2024-04-25T18:30:37Z
output: (LE_Source)
sourceCitation: (CI_Citation)
title: NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1
date: (CI_Date)
date: (inapplicable)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: (inapplicable)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0291722/1.1
protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0291722 v1.1
description: published 2024-04-25T18:30:37Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
role: (inapplicable)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NCEI Accession 0291722 was revised and v2.2 was published.
rationale: Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2025-04-22T20:24:28Z
output: (LE_Source)
sourceCitation: (CI_Citation)
title: NCEI Accession 0291722 v2.2
date: (CI_Date)
date: (inapplicable)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: (inapplicable)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0291722/2.2
protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0291722 v2.2
description: published 2025-04-22T20:24:28Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
role: (inapplicable)
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: Parameter or Variable: AIR TEMPERATURE (measured); Units: degrees C; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: thermometer
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
maintenanceNote: Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: thermometer
type: thermometer
description: generic thermometer or reversing thermometer use thermometer when temperature is a data type, but the exact instrument used to measure temperature is unknown