Microplastic concentrations on beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand during 2019-09-22 (NCEI Accession 0278060)
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title: Microplastic concentrations on beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand during 2019-09-22 (NCEI Accession 0278060)
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abstract: This study estimated the concentration of microplastics (i.e. plastics measuring less than 5mm, reported in unit of pieces/kg d.w.) on beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand during 2019-09-22. Microplastic data were collected using a metal spoon. This dataset contains the results from all 25 beach samples, in a spreadsheet format.
purpose: These microplastic concentration data were collected in order to determine the abundance of microplastics on beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand during 2019-09-22.
credit: Related Funding Agency: Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) fund # U_FRB640001_01_21_4
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title: Thepwilai S, Wangritthikraikul K, Chawchai S, Bissen R. Testing the factors controlling the numbers of microplastics on beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2021 Jul 01; 168, 112467.
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beginPosition: 2019-09-22
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description: Parameter or Variable: microplastic concentration (measured); Units: pieces/kg d.w.; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: Metal spoon; Sampling and Analyzing Method: This study collected microplastic samples from beaches along the western Gulf of Thailand. The Gulf of Thailand is a shallow semi-enclosed bay on the continental shelf of Asia, located between 6◦ to 14◦ N and 99◦ to 105◦ E and can be divided into three parts: eastern, upper, and western Gulf. The study areas are located along the western Gulf of Thailand. The geomorphology of the coastal area is characterized by sandy beaches, coastal wetlands (marshes), rocky coast and tidal flats. The study area covers more than 700 km of coastline. Investigated beaches are generally oriented in north-south direction and exhibit some topographic variation, especially regarding slope. Compared to the eastern Gulf of Thailand, the coastal area of the western Gulf of Thailand is much less industrialized. Main industries are fishing (incl. aquaculture) and plantations (oil palm, orchard, and coffee). Of the 5 provinces examined, Songkhla has the highest number of tourists with on average of 2 million visitors/year, followed by Surat Thani (1.6 million, Kho Samui), Prachuap Khiri Khan (1.5 million, Hua Hin), Nakhon Si Thammarat (1 million) and Chumphon with 350,000 visitors/year. Surat Thani province (incl. islands) has a total of 4 sewage treatment plants (STP), Prachuap Khiri Khan has 3 (Hua Hin: 2), Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhla have 2 and Chumpon has 1 STP. Major rivers entering the western Gulf of Thailand are Pran Buri and Kuiburi in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon in Chumphon, Tapi and Pumduang in Surat Thani and Pakphanang in Nakhon Si Thammarat. The study areas were selected based on geographic data from satellite images, ocean surface circulation data (bi-weekly mean values; Surface current Mercator 1/12◦ streamline) provided by ESAGlobCurrent (http://www.globcurrent.org/). Survey and sampling were carried out in late September 2019, during the SW Monsoon (May–October), which is a low season for tourism. The study areas and period were selected specifically to avoid tourist activities in addition to a preference for the absence of additional anthropogenic and/or environmental factors that affect the distribution and accumulation of microplastics. In this study, sand samples were collected from 25 beaches in 5 provinces. Sampling sites were selected with the intent to keep the number of environmental and anthropogenic factors as low as possible. However, they include a variety of activities and land uses, including beaches dominated by conurbations, agriculture, tourism, fishing activity and ecologically sensitive areas. The distance between beaches in each province is approximately 2 km. At each beach, five sand samples were collected along the high-tide line with a distance of 10 m between the sampling locations. Within a 50 by 50 cm quadrat, the top 5 cm of each corner and the center were sampled and subsequently mixed. A total of about 250 g of sand was collected at each sampling location (~1.25 kg per beach) and stored in a sealed plastic container. The samples were transported back to the laboratory and kept at room temperature until extraction. Distilled water was used to clean the metallic spoon after each sampling process. In the laboratory, the sand samples were sieved with a 4-mm metallic sieve (mesh No. 5; no larger particles have been observed on the sieve) and subsequently dried at 60 ◦C for 48 h. Microplastics were extracted from sand samples by density separation using saturated saline solution (density 1.20 g/cm3 at 30–35 ◦C). To prepare the saturated saline solution, 358.9 g of NaCl were dissolved in 1 L of demineralized water. This solution was stirred for 48 h at 600 rpm with a magnetic stirrer at 60 ◦C until the salt was completely dissolved. After the solution had cooled, it was filtered using a vacuum filtration system and Millipore 1.2 μm glass microfiber filters (WHATMAN GF/C™ No. 1822-070) to remove impurities, i.e., microplastics, and remaining suspended salt. To extract the microplastics with a density < 1.20 g/cm3, 200 mL of filtered saline solution were mixed with 50 g of sand (dry weight) and stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 2 min before a subsequent settling time of at least 6 h. The supernatant was carefully poured into a vacuum filtration system and filtered through Millipore 1.2 μm glass microfiber filters (WHATMAN GF/C™ No. 1822-070). The microplastics extraction procedure was executed 3 times for each sample to ensure that the majority of microplastics within the sand samples were recovered. Preparation of the saline solution and the extraction of microplastics has been done at the Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, following Geochemistry Laboratory standards. The dried filters were then examined under a stereomicroscope (MEIJI EMZ-TR) at up to 40× magnification and microplastics were systematically counted.; Data Quality Method: Samples were covered at all stages to avoid airborne contamination. Only glassware laboratory equipment was used. To assess laboratory contamination, we also ran blank tests. This involved using 200 mL of filtered saturated saline solution without sand, following the identical procedure detailed above. This was repeated for each set of extraction. The amount of microplastics found in the blanks was subtracted from the microplastic count..
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
maintenanceNote: Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: microscope
type: microscope
description: instrument is used in lab analyses A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: sediment sieve
type: sediment sieve
description: USA standard testing sieve (A.S.T.M.E.)
