Benthic cover derived from structure from motion images collected during marine debris surveys at coral reef sites entangled with derelict fishing nets at Pearl and Hermes Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from 2018-09-24 to 2018-10-03 (NCEI Accession 0209247)
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title: Benthic cover derived from structure from motion images collected during marine debris surveys at coral reef sites entangled with derelict fishing nets at Pearl and Hermes Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from 2018-09-24 to 2018-10-03 (NCEI Accession 0209247)
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abstract: The benthic cover and fishing-net related data described in this dataset are derived from the GIS analysis of benthic orthophotos. The source imagery was collected using a Structure from Motion (SfM) approach during in-water marine debris swim surveys conducted by snorkelers in search of derelict fishing nets. Surveys were conducted by the NOAA Fisheries, Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) from September 24 to October 3, 2018 at Pearl and Hermes Atoll during an ESD-led marine debris mission to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) aboard NOAA Ship Oscar Elton Sette. The lagoon at Pearl and Hermes was surveyed equally across the spatial gradient, from locations where derelict fishing nets are common to locations where derelict fishing nets have never been observed. During the 2018 mission, only a subset of marine debris surveys resulted in a SfM survey. Fishing nets were located during swim surveys and selected for SfM if the net was interacting with coral or hard substrate, the depth of the net was within ~1–4 m of the surface, and the area of the net fit within the 9 sq. meter SFM survey plot. During a SFM survey, a permanent 3 x 3 m plot was established around the center of the fishing net, and the net was photographed using a back and forth swim pattern (“before” photos) for later processing using a SfM approach. The net was then removed, the volume of net removed was estimated and recorded, and the same area was photographed again in the same way (“after” photos). A nearby (>50 m distant) paired control site was also photographed using the same method (“control” photos). The photographs were processed using Agisoft Metashape software to generate orthomosaic images that were analyzed in ArcGIS for benthic cover using a random point approach. The number of points at net-impacted sites were constrained to the net coverage area and were scaled to the net area to ensure an equal point density among replicate net-impact sites. The same number of points were randomly assigned to the 3 × 3 m paired control site. Each point was classified into one of seven benthic categories: turf algae, macroalgae, sand, bare substrate, Porites compressa, sponge, or crustose coralline algae (CCA). The annotated points for each site were converted to percent cover for each benthic category. Fishing net size (sq m) and degree of fouling were also calculated from the orthophotos. Analyses were conducted to compare the benthic composition of net sites to control sites and to determine if fouling or net size contributed to these differences.
purpose: The purpose of the Structure from Motion (SfM) surveys at Pearl and Hermes Atoll is to quantify how derelict fishing nets alter the benthic community composition of the reef. In addition, we investigated how net size and fouling level may vary the severity of this impact. This study leveraged SfM, an emerging photogrammetry technique, to allow efficient data collection alongside marine debris survey and removal efforts. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) includes the 1200 nautical mile chain of atolls and islets known as the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) that are geographically positioned as a repository for marine debris. Marine debris circulates within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre until it encounters the atolls of the NWHI. The Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) at NOAA Fisheries has conducted both ship- and shore-based missions in the NWHI to survey for and remove derelict fishing gear and many other types of marine debris. Exploratory and opportunistic efforts began in 1996 that evolved into ~annual cruises.
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title: NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division (2022). Benthic cover derived from structure from motion images collected during marine debris surveys at coral reef sites entangled with derelict fishing nets at Pearl and Hermes Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from 2021-09-13 to 2021-09-14 (NCEI Accession 0253462). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0253462.
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title: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2022: Benthic cover derived from structure from motion images collected during marine debris surveys at coral reef sites entangled with derelict fishing nets at Pearl and Hermes Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from missions in 2018 and 2021, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/59172.
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supplementalInformation: Submission Package ID: 6RT3B5
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description: Parameter or Variable: DEBRIS (calculated); Units: square meters (m^2); Observation Category: derived products; Sampling Instrument: photograph; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Using the "before" orthomosaic, the planar fishing net area on the substrate (square meters) was calculated by delineating the net boundary with a polygon shapefile and using the Calculate Geometry tool in ArcMap v10.6.1.; Data Quality Method: Field Precision: The size of nets removed from net-impact sites ranged from 0.48 m2 to 4.46 m2 (mean area = 2.0 m2). Completeness Report: Each image set was evaluated for image quality. Images deemed unsatisfactory, e.g., blurred or had unnecessary objects (e.g., dive fins), were removed from the image set. Conceptual Consistency: The same method of image collection and analysis was used at each surveyed site..
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description: Parameter or Variable: REEF AND/OR BOTTOM REGIME - PERCENT COVER (calculated); Units: percent; Observation Category: derived products; Sampling Instrument: photograph; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Using the "after" orthomosaic, benthic cover was assessed using a random point approach within the boundary of the net (based on the net boundary shapefile) in ArcMAP 10.6.1.The number of points at net-impacted sites was scaled to the planar net area to ensure an equal point density (mean point density = 10.9 points/m2 ± 0.40 SE) among replicate net-impact sites. Using the paired "control" orthomosaic, the same number of points were randomly assigned to the 3 x 3 m control site. Each point was classified into one of seven benthic categories: turf algae, macroalgae, sand, bare substrate, Porites compressa, sponge, and crustose coralline algae (CCA). The annotated points for each site were converted to percent cover (number of points for a given category/total number of points x 100) for each benthic category. Analyses were conducted to compare the benthic composition of net sites to control sites.; Data Quality Method: Representativeness: The data set derived from the image analysis is as good as the mosaic image itself; points that fell within areas of low contrast, shadow, obstruction, or blur were discarded and new random points were generated so that each point could be analyzed for percent cover. Accuracy: Prior to conducting surveys, researchers are trained to identify benthic taxa. Both classroom and field training were completed for all researchers (experienced and inexperienced alike) before any surveys were conducted. This training ensures that all analysis is conducted consistently by all analysts. Field Precision: The Ground Sample Distance (GSD, resolution/pixel) for the produced 3D Structure from Motion models ranged from 0.000122 to 0.000618 m/pix with an error of 1.11 to 3.03 pix, allowing confident identification of benthic species from the resulting high-resolution 2D photomosaics. Completeness Report: Images that were blurred or had unnecessary objects (e.g., dive fins) were removed. Conceptual Consistency: The same method of image collection and analysis was used at each surveyed site. Quality Control Procedures Employed: The benthic category assigned to each random point across each mosaic were verified by an expert. Any points that fell onto an unidentifiable area (i.e., shadow) were re-generated..
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description: Parameter or Variable: DEBRIS (calculated); Units: kilogram; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: scale; Sampling and Analyzing Method: The volume of each fishing net removed from the reef was estimated when brought aboard the small boat. At the end of the marine debris survey, which could include one to several structure-from-motion surveys, or when the small boat reached its capacity, the small boat returned to the ship and the boat’s entire debris load was weighed and recorded. The estimated volume of each net was used to determine the percentage each net contributed to the boat's entire load, and weights for each net were calculated based on the percentage.; Data Quality Method: The weight of each individual net is estimated from the weight for the entire boat load..
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description: Parameter or Variable: DEBRIS (calculated); Units: unitless; Observation Category: derived products; Sampling Instrument: photograph; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Using the "before" orthomosaic, degree of fouling was estimated for each fishing net based on the percent of the net surface area that was covered by fouling organisms. Fouling scores ranged from 1 to 3, where: 1 = Light: 1-40% of net surface area covered, 2 = Moderate: 41-75% of net surface area covered, and 3 = Heavy: >75% of net surface area covered (adapted from Donohue et al., 2001).; Data Quality Method: Four nets were classified as fouling level 1, eight nets as fouling level 2, and eight nets as fouling level 3..
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
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description: still images used as the basis for making parameter determinations
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description: Title: NOAA Ship Flag: United States of America Vessel Type: Research Vessel; Ice Strengthened DOB: Aug 1988 IMO: 8835097 Former Name: ADVENTUROUS (2003) http://www.moc.noaa.gov/os/index.html Submitted to ICES on 2013-12-18.
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