Events

1980
2023
Event Cost Range Filter:
$1B
$202B
Between 1980 and 2023, 62 Tropical Cyclone billion-dollar disaster events affected the United States (CPI-adjusted).
Event
Type
Begin
Date
End
Date
Summary
CPI-Adjusted
Estimated
Cost
(in Billions)
Deaths
Hurricane Idalia
August 2023
Tropical CycloneAugust 29, 2023August 31, 2023Hurricane Idalia made landfall near Keaton Beach in the Big Bend region of Florida as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph. Idalia was the strongest hurricane to hit the Big Bend region in more than 125 years. Storm surge was about 8 feet above ground at Cedar Key, which caused heavy damage to homes, businesses, vehicles and other infrastructure. Other Big Bend coastal communities were also inundated by storm surge. Idalia produced 5 to 10 inches of rainfall across the Big Bend region of Florida and southeastern portions of Georgia and the Carolinas. The relatively low population density of the Big Bend region helped to reduce the physical exposure and damage costs. Significant flooding was reported in downtown Charleston, SC and nearby Edisto Beach. There was also 2 to 4 feet of storm surge along the Carolina coastline, which was exacerbated by the full moon and high tide cycle.$3.6 CI5
Typhoon Mawar
May 2023
Tropical CycloneMay 24, 2023May 25, 2023A Category 4 Typhoon struck Guam on May 24 battering the island for 15 hours until the early morning of May 25. Typhoon Mawar's wind speeds of up to 145 mph damaged residential and commercial buildings, vehicles and infrastructure. Several U.S. military bases including Andersen Air Force Base sustained considerable damage. Guam's international airport also sustained flood damage.$4.4 CI2
Hurricane Nicole
November 2022
Tropical CycloneNovember 10, 2022November 11, 2022Category 1 Hurricane Nicole made landfall at North Hutchinson Island, Florida producing heavy rain, flooding and coastal erosion. Many of the Florida counties and communities impacted by Nicole were still recovering from the high wind and flooding impacts of Hurricane Ian several weeks earlier. This compounded the existing damage and recovery timeline. Nicole was the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida during November since Hurricane Kate in 1985.$1.1 CI5
Hurricane Ian
September 2022
Tropical CycloneSeptember 28, 2022September 30, 2022Ian made landfall near Cayo Costa, Florida, as a Category 4 Hurricane with sustained winds of 150 mph.
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$119.6 CI152
Hurricane Fiona
September 2022
Tropical CycloneSeptember 17, 2022September 18, 2022Category 1 Hurricane Fiona causes widespread power outage across central and western Puerto Rico. Extreme rainfall (12-18 inches) from an intensifying hurricane resulted in widespread flooding and mudslides causing damage to many homes, businesses, vehicles and other infrastructure. The regional power grid was also significantly impaired.$2.7 CI25
Hurricane Nicholas
September 2021
Tropical CycloneSeptember 14, 2021September 18, 2021Category 1 Hurricane Nicholas made landfall near Sargent Beach, Texas on September 14 and moved slowly toward Louisiana over the next several days. This slow progression helped to produce flooding rainfall across regions of the Gulf Coast that were already saturated from Hurricane Ida.$1.2 CI0
Hurricane Ida
August 2021
Tropical CycloneAugust 29, 2021September 1, 2021Category 4 Hurricane Ida made landfall near Port Fourchon, Louisiana with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 930 mb. Ida was one of three hurricanes in recorded history to make landfall in Louisiana with 150 mph winds, along with Hurricane Laura in 2020 and the 'Last Island' hurricane of 1856. Grand Isle, Louisiana took a direct hit with 100% of its homes damaged and nearly 40% were nearly-to-completely destroyed. There was heavy damage to the energy infrastructure across southern Louisiana causing widespread, long duration power outages to millions of people. Parts of New Orleans were without power for nearly a week due to the widespread damage. As the remnants of Ida moved into the Northeast it merged with a frontal system creating severe weather and flash flooding across a wide region from eastern Pennsylvania to New York. Flash flood emergencies were declared in New Jersey and New York for the first time, producing damage to homes, businesses, vehicles and infrastructure while also causing dozens of fatalities.$84.6 CI96
Tropical Storm Fred
August 2021
Tropical CycloneAugust 16, 2021August 18, 2021Tropical Storm Fred made landfall near Panama City, Florida. As Fred progressed northward it caused torrential flooding across the southern Appalachian Mountains with more than a foot of rainfall reported in some locations of western North Carolina. This flash flooding caused damage to many homes, businesses, vehicles, roads and bridges, in additional to several fatalities. Fred also produced nearly a dozen tornadoes across the Northeast as it moved up the East Coast.$1.5 CI7
Tropical Storm Elsa
July 2021
Tropical CycloneJuly 7, 2021July 9, 2021Tropical Storm Elsa made landfall in Taylor County, Florida producing heavy rain, wind, flooding and tornadoes in portions of Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas, as well as flooding across parts of the Northeast. Southern New England and New York's Long Island experienced flash flooding, leading to impassable roads, stranded vehicles and disruption. Elsa was the earliest fifth-named storm on record.$1.4 CI1
Tropical Storm Eta
November 2020
Tropical CycloneNovember 8, 2020November 12, 2020Tropical Storm Eta made landfall in the Florida Keys on November 8 followed by a second landfall near Cedar Key on the west coast of Florida on November 10. Eta produced wind and heavy rain impacts in southern Florida. These impacts continued well inland, as Eta's energy merged with a cold front across several eastern states. This combination produced extreme rainfall across North Carolina and Virginia, which led to significant flooding that damaged homes, businesses and infrastructure. This flooding also caused one dozen fatalities.$1.8 CI12
Hurricane Zeta
October 2020
Tropical CycloneOctober 28, 2020October 29, 2020Hurricane Zeta was a category 2 hurricane that made landfall at Cocodrie, Louisiana with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph on October 28th. Zeta's path inland saw an acceleration of its quick landfall speed to nearly 40 mph, which allowed the wind fields to maintain some strength. These wind impacts propagated well inland affecting parts of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, northern Georgia and into the Carolinas. Hurricane Zeta was the fifth tropical cyclone to make landfall in Louisiana during 2020 as part of a historically active Atlantic hurricane season.$5.3 CI6
Hurricane Delta
October 2020
Tropical CycloneOctober 9, 2020October 11, 2020Hurricane Delta was a category 2 hurricane that made landfall near Creole, Louisiana with winds of 100 mph on October 9. This was nearly the same location in which category 4 Hurricane Laura made landfall 6 weeks prior. Heavy rainfall, high winds, storm surge, and nearly one dozen EF-0 or EF-1 tornadoes caused damage across several states including Louisiana, eastern Texas, Mississippi and Georgia.$3.5 CI5
Hurricane Sally
September 2020
Tropical CycloneSeptember 15, 2020September 17, 2020Hurricane Sally was a category 2 hurricane at landfall in Gulf Shores, Alabama. Wind gusts up to 100 mph and 20-30 inches of rainfall caused considerable flood and wind damage across Alabama, the Florida panhandle and into Georgia. Many homes and businesses in downtown Pensacola, FL were impacted from flooding produced by storm surge and heavy rainfall. 2020 is now the fourth consecutive year (2017-2020) that the U.S. has been impacted by a slow moving tropical cyclone that produced extreme rainfall and damaging floods - Harvey, Florence, Imelda and Sally.$8.8 CI5
Hurricane Laura
August 2020
Tropical CycloneAugust 27, 2020August 28, 2020Hurricane Laura was a powerful category 4 that made landfall at Cameron Parish, in southwestern Louisiana on August 27. Winds up to 150 mph and storm surge in excess of 15 feet caused heavy damage along the coast and inland to the city of Lake Charles. Many broken water systems and a severely damaged electrical grid in southern Louisiana will slow the recovery process. Laura was the strongest hurricane (by maximum sustained windspeed at landfall) to hit Louisiana since the 1856 Last Island hurricane. Laura also had highest landfall wind speed to impact the U.S. since Hurricane Michael in 2018. There were additional impacts to surrounding states including Texas, Mississippi and Arkansas.$28.1 CI42
Hurricane Isaias
August 2020
Tropical CycloneAugust 3, 2020August 4, 2020Hurricane Isaias made landfall in southeastern North Carolina as a category 1 storm. Isaias accelerated up the East Coast, resulting in widespread damage and power outages across New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. There was also considerable inland flooding most notably in Pennsylvania. In addition, 34 tornadoes developed across North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey due to Isaias. Many tornadoes were weaker (EF-0 and EF-1) producing scattered damage to agriculture, structures and residences. Isaias also produced several EF-2 tornadoes and one EF-3 tornado that caused damage in coastal North Carolina and Virginia.$5.8 CI16
Hurricane Hanna
July 2020
Tropical CycloneJuly 25, 2020July 26, 2020Category 1 Hurricane Hanna made landfall at Padre Island, Texas on July 25 with sustained winds of 90 miles per hour. The impacts from wind, wave action and flooding were most notable in damaging coastal infrastructure and to the agriculture sector. The crop damage was most focused across the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas.$1.3 CI0
Tropical Storm Imelda
September 2019
Tropical CycloneSeptember 17, 2019September 21, 2019Tropical storm and its remnants cause 24 to 36 inches of rainfall over a 3-day period across a large area between Houston and Beaumont, Texas. The largest storm total, 43.39 inches, was reported at North Fork Taylors Bayou, Texas. Many thousands of homes, cars and businesses were impacted by flood water due to this extraordinarily heavy rainfall. Imelda is yet another of the historically extreme rainfall and flood events that have become a regular occurrence across Southeast Texas over the last 5 years.$6.2 CI5
Hurricane Dorian
September 2019
Tropical CycloneAugust 28, 2019September 6, 2019Category 1 hurricane makes landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, after devastating the northern Bahama Islands as a historically-powerful and slow-moving hurricane. Dorian tracked offshore parallel to the Florida, Georgia and South Carolina coastline before making a North Carolina landfall, bringing a destructive sound-side surge that inundated many coastal properties and isolated residents who did not evacuate. Significant flood, severe storm, and tornado damage to many homes and businesses occurred on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Dorian's intensification to a category 5 storm marks the fourth consecutive year, in which a maximum category 5 storm developed in the Atlantic basin - a new record. Dorian also tied the record for maximum sustained wind speed for a landfalling hurricane (185 mph) in the Atlantic, a record shared with the historic 1935 Labor Day Hurricane.$2.0 CI10
Hurricane Michael
October 2018
Tropical CycloneOctober 10, 2018October 11, 2018Powerful category 5 hurricane made landfall at Mexico Beach, Florida with devastating winds of 160 mph and storm surge in excess of 15 feet. Mexico Beach was nearly destroyed, while Panama City suffered extensive damage. Florida's Tyndall Air Force Base also suffered a direct strike from Michael's most intense eye wall winds causing billions in damage costs. Michael's intense winds also reached well inland causing billions in damage costs to agriculture and forestry, as high winds hit during harvest season for numerous crops across several states. Michael is the third category 4 or higher storm to make landfall in the U.S. since 2017. Michael is the first category 5 to strike the U.S. mainland since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and is only the fourth on record. The others are the Labor Day Hurricane (1935) and Hurricane Camille (1969). Michael was initially rated as a category 4 with 155 winds but upgraded to a category 5 with 160 mph winds upon further analysis.$31.2 CI49
Hurricane Florence
September 2018
Tropical CycloneSeptember 13, 2018September 16, 2018Hurricane Florence was a large and very slow moving hurricane that produced extreme rainfall across eastern North Carolina (up to 35.93") and South Carolina (up to 23.81"), as prodigious amounts of rainfall were common in many locations. Florence made landfall as a category 1, at Wrightsville Beach, NC with damaging storm surge up to 10 feet and wind gusts reported over 100 mph. However, the majority of the damage caused by Florence was due to the rainfall inland, which caused many rivers to surpass previous record flood heights. U.S. Marine base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina suffered extensive damage that will cost billions to repair. The total damage from Florence in North Carolina is more than the cost experienced during Hurricane Matthew (2016) and Hurricane Floyd (1999) combined.$30.0 CI53
Hurricane Maria
September 2017
Tropical CycloneSeptember 19, 2017September 21, 2017Category 4 hurricane made landfall in southeast Puerto Rico after striking the U.S. Virgin Island of St. Croix. Maria's high winds caused widespread devastation to Puerto Rico's transportation, agriculture, communication and energy infrastructure. Extreme rainfall up to 37 inches caused widespread flooding and mudslides across the island. The interruption to commerce and standard living conditions will be sustained for a long period, as much of Puerto Rico's infrastructure is rebuilt. Maria tied Hurricane Wilma (2005) for the most rapid intensification, strengthening from tropical depression to a category 5 storm in 54 hours. Maria's landfall at Category 4 strength gives the U.S. a record three Category 4+ landfalls this year (Maria, Harvey, and Irma). Maria was one of the deadliest storms to impact the U.S., with numerous indirect deaths in the wake of the storm's devastation.$115.2 CI2,981
Hurricane Irma
September 2017
Tropical CycloneSeptember 6, 2017September 12, 2017Category 4 hurricane made landfall at Cudjoe Key, Florida after devastating the U.S. Virgin Islands - St John and St Thomas - as a category 5 storm. The Florida Keys were heavily impacted, as 25% of buildings were destroyed while 65% were significantly damaged. Severe wind and storm surge damage also occurred along the coasts of Florida and South Carolina. Jacksonville, FL and Charleston, SC received near-historic levels of storm surge causing significant coastal flooding. Irma maintained a maximum sustained wind of 185 mph for 37 hours, the longest in the satellite era. Irma also was a category 5 storm for longer than all other Atlantic hurricanes except Ivan in 2004.$64.0 CI97
Hurricane Harvey
August 2017
Tropical CycloneAugust 25, 2017August 31, 2017Category 4 hurricane made landfall near Rockport, Texas causing widespread damage. Harvey's devastation was most pronounced due to the large region of extreme rainfall producing historic flooding across Houston and surrounding areas. More than 30 inches of rainfall fell on 6.9 million people, while 1.25 million experienced over 45 inches and 11,000 had over 50 inches, based on 7-day rainfall totals ending August 31. This historic U.S. rainfall caused massive flooding that displaced over 30,000 people and damaged or destroyed over 200,000 homes and businesses.$160.0 CI89
Hurricane Matthew
October 2016
Tropical CycloneOctober 8, 2016October 12, 2016Category 1 hurricane made landfall in North Carolina, after it paralleled the Southeast coast along Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas causing widespread damage from wind, storm surge and inland flooding. The most costly impacts were due to historic levels of river flooding in eastern North Carolina where 100,000 homes, businesses and other structures were damaged. This inland flooding was comparable to Hurricane Floyd (1999) that also impacted eastern North Carolina. Matthew narrowly missed landall on Florida's east coast as a powerful category 4 storm.$13.1 CI49
Hurricane Sandy
October 2012
Tropical CycloneOctober 30, 2012October 31, 2012Extensive damage across several northeastern states (MD, DE, NJ, NY, CT, MA, RI) due to high wind and coastal storm surge, particularly NY and NJ. Damage from wind, rain and heavy snow also extended more broadly to other states (NC, VA, WV, OH, PA, NH), as Sandy merged with a developing Nor'easter. Sandy's impact on major population centers caused widespread interruption to critical water/electrical services and also caused 159 deaths (72 direct, 87 indirect). Sandy also caused the New York Stock Exchange to close for two consecutive business days, which last happened in 1888 due to a major winter storm.$88.5 CI159
Hurricane Isaac
August 2012
Tropical CycloneAugust 26, 2012August 31, 2012Category 1 hurricane made landfall over Louisiana. Isaac's slow motion and large size led to a large storm surge and flooding rains. This created damage across several southeastern states (LA, MS, AL, FL) including 9 deaths (5 direct, 4 indirect).$3.8 CI9
Tropical Storm Lee
September 2011
Tropical CycloneSeptember 1, 2011September 5, 2011Wind and flood damage across the southeast (LA, MS, AL, GA, TN) but considerably more damage from record flooding across the northeast (PA, NY, NJ, CT, VA, MD). Pennsylvania and New York were most affected.$3.5 CI21
Hurricane Irene
August 2011
Tropical CycloneAugust 26, 2011August 28, 2011Category 1 hurricane made landfall over coastal NC and moved northward along the Mid-Atlantic Coast (NC, VA, MD, NJ, NY, CT, RI, MA, VT) causing torrential rainfall and flooding across the Northeast. Wind damage in coastal NC, VA, and MD was moderate with considerable damage resulting from falling trees and power lines, while flooding caused extensive flood damage across NJ, NY, and VT. Over seven million homes and businesses lost power during the storm. Numerous tornadoes were also reported in several states further adding to the damage.$18.8 CI45
Hurricane Ike
September 2008
Tropical CycloneSeptember 12, 2008September 14, 2008Category 2 hurricane makes landfall in Texas, as the largest (in size) Atlantic hurricane on record, causing considerable storm surge in coastal TX and significant wind and flooding damage in TX, LA, AR, TN, IL, IN, KY, MO, OH, MI and PA. Severe gasoline shortages occurred in the southeast U.S. due to damaged oil platforms, storage tanks, pipelines and off-line refineries.$43.2 CI112
Hurricane Gustav
September 2008
Tropical CycloneAugust 31, 2008September 3, 2008Category 2 hurricane makes landfall in Louisiana causing significant wind, storm surge, and flooding damage in AL, AR, LA, and MS.$8.6 CI53
Hurricane Dolly
July 2008
Tropical CycloneJuly 23, 2008July 25, 2008Category 2 hurricane makes landfall in southern Texas causing considerable wind and flooding damage in TX and NM.$1.8 CI3
Hurricane Wilma
October 2005
Tropical CycloneOctober 24, 2005October 24, 2005Category 3 hurricane hits SW Florida resulting in strong damaging winds and major flooding across southeastern Florida. Prior to landfall, Wilma as a Category 5 recorded the lowest pressure (882 mb) ever recorded in the Atlantic basin.$30.0 CI35
Hurricane Rita
September 2005
Tropical CycloneSeptember 20, 2005September 24, 2005Category 3 hurricane hits Texas-Louisiana border coastal region, creating significant storm surge and wind damage along the coast, and some inland flooding in the FL panhandle, AL, MS, LA, AR, and TX. Prior to landfall, Rita reached the third lowest pressure (897 mb) ever recorded in the Atlantic basin.$29.4 CI119
Hurricane Katrina
August 2005
Tropical CycloneAugust 25, 2005August 30, 2005Category 3 hurricane initially impacts the U.S. as a Category 1 near Miami, FL, then as a strong Category 3 along the eastern LA-western MS coastlines, resulting in severe storm surge damage (maximum surge probably exceeded 30 feet) along the LA-MS-AL coasts, wind damage, and the failure of parts of the levee system in New Orleans. Inland effects included high winds and some flooding in the states of AL, MS, FL, TN, KY, IN, OH, and GA.$201.3 CI1,833
Hurricane Dennis
July 2005
Tropical CycloneJuly 9, 2005July 11, 2005Category 3 hurricane makes landfall in western Florida panhandle resulting in storm surge and wind damage along the FL and AL coasts, along with scattered wind and flood damage in GA and MS.$4.0 CI15
Hurricane Jeanne
September 2004
Tropical CycloneSeptember 15, 2004September 29, 2004Category 3 hurricane makes landfall in east-central Florida, causing considerable wind, storm surge, and flooding damage in FL, with some flood damage also in the states of GA, SC, NC, VA, MD, DE, NJ, PA, and NY. Puerto Rico also affected.$12.4 CI28
Hurricane Ivan
September 2004
Tropical CycloneSeptember 12, 2004September 21, 2004Category 3 hurricane makes landfall on Gulf coast of Alabama, with significant wind, storm surge, and flooding damage in coastal AL and FL panhandle, along with wind/flood damage in the states of GA, MS, LA, SC, NC, VA, WV, MD, TN, KY, OH, DE, NJ, PA, and NY.$34.0 CI57
Hurricane Frances
September 2004
Tropical CycloneSeptember 3, 2004September 9, 2004Category 2 hurricane makes landfall in east-central Florida, causing significant wind, storm surge, and flooding damage in FL, along with considerable flood damage in the states of GA, SC, NC, and NY due to 5-15 inch rains.$16.3 CI48
Hurricane Charley
August 2004
Tropical CycloneAugust 13, 2004August 14, 2004Category 4 hurricane makes landfall in southwest Florida, resulting in major wind and some storm surge damage in FL, along with some damage in the states of SC and NC.$26.6 CI35
Hurricane Isabel
September 2003
Tropical CycloneSeptember 18, 2003September 19, 2003Category 2 hurricane makes landfall in eastern North Carolina, causing considerable storm surge damage along the coasts of NC, VA, and MD, with wind damage and some flooding due to 4-12 inch rains in NC, VA, MD, DE, WV, NJ, NY, and PA.$9.3 CI55
Tropical Storm Isidore
September 2002
Tropical CycloneSeptember 25, 2002September 27, 2002Tropical Storm Isidore caused heavy rain, flooding, tornadoes and coastal storm surge that impacted Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Tennessee. Rainfall exceeded 15 inches across southern Louisiana with storm surge over 8 feet.$2.0 CI5
Hurricane Lili
October 2002
Tropical CycloneAugust 1, 2002August 5, 2002Category 1 hurricane makes landfall in Louisiana after causing damage across Saint Lucia, Jamaica, Haiti and Cuba.$1.9 CI2
Tropical Storm Allison
June 2001
Tropical CycloneJune 5, 2001June 17, 2001The persistent remnants of Tropical Storm Allison produce rainfall amounts of 30-40 inches in portions of coastal Texas and Louisiana, causing severe flooding especially in the Houston area, then moves slowly northeastward; fatalities and significant damage reported in TX, LA, MS, FL, VA, and PA$15.1 CI43
Hurricane Floyd
September 1999
Tropical CycloneSeptember 14, 1999September 16, 1999Large, category 2 hurricane makes landfall in eastern NC, causing 10-20 inch rains in 2 days, with severe flooding in NC and some flooding in SC, VA, MD, PA, NY, NJ, DE, RI, CT, MA, NH, and VT.$12.2 CI77
Hurricane Georges
September 1998
Tropical CycloneSeptember 20, 1998September 29, 1998Category 2 hurricane strikes Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Florida Keys, and Gulf coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida panhandle, 15-30 inch 2-day rain totals in parts of Alabama and Florida$11.6 CI16
Hurricane Bonnie
August 1998
Tropical CycloneAugust 27, 1998August 29, 1998Category 3 hurricane strikes eastern North Carolina and Virginia, extensive agricultural damage due to winds and flooding, with 10-inch rains in 2 days in some locations.$1.9 CI3
Tropical Storm Frances
September 1998
Tropical CycloneAugust 8, 1998August 13, 1998Tropical Storm Frances caused extensive flooding in Texas and Louisiana. The rainfall totals from Frances were 10 to 20 inches across eastern Texas into southern Louisiana.$1.4* CI2
Hurricane Fran
September 1996
Tropical CycloneSeptember 5, 1996September 8, 1996Category 3 hurricane strikes North Carolina and Virginia, over 10-inch 24-hour rains in some locations and extensive agricultural and other losses.$10.0 CI37
Hurricane Opal
October 1995
Tropical CycloneOctober 4, 1995October 6, 1995Category 3 hurricane strikes Florida panhandle, Alabama, western Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and the western Carolinas, causing storm surge, wind, and flooding damage.$9.6 CI27
Hurricane Marilyn
September 1995
Tropical CycloneSeptember 15, 1995September 17, 1995Category 2 hurricane impacts the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph.$4.3 CI13
Hurricane Erin
August 1995
Tropical CycloneAugust 1, 1995August 7, 1995Hurricane Erin impacted Florida as a category 1 hurricane. Most of the damage resulted from heavy rainfall and flooding in Florida, Alabama and Mississippi.$1.8* CI6
Tropical Storm Alberto
July 1994
Tropical CycloneJuly 7, 1994July 10, 1994Remnants of slow-moving Alberto bring torrential 10-25 inch rains in 3 days, widespread flooding and agricultural damage in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and panhandle of Florida.$2.1 CI32
Hurricane Iniki
September 1992
Tropical CycloneSeptember 11, 1992September 12, 1992Category 4 hurricane causes severe damage to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Hurricane Iniki is the costliest and deadliest hurricane to affect Hawaii since 1900.$6.9 CI7
Hurricane Andrew
August 1992
Tropical CycloneAugust 23, 1992August 27, 1992Category 5 hurricane hits Florida and later impacts Louisiana as a category 3. High winds damage or destroy over 125,000 homes and leave at least 160,000 people temporarily homeless in Dade County, Florida alone. Initially rated as a category 4, Andrew was later upgraded to a category 5 upon further analysis. Andrew is one of four land falling category 5 hurricanes on record to affect the U.S. mainland in addition to Hurricane Camille (1969), the Labor Day Hurricane (1935) and Hurricane Michael (2018). Building codes in Florida were enhanced after Andrew to mitigate future hurricane wind damage.$60.5 CI61
Hurricane Bob
August 1991
Tropical CycloneAugust 18, 1991August 20, 1991Category 2 hurricane brushes the Outer Banks of North Carolina before making landfall in Rhode Island. Its impacts were felt from North Carolina to Long Island and into New England.$3.5 CI18
Hurricane Hugo
September 1989
Tropical CycloneSeptember 21, 1989September 22, 1989Category 4 hurricane devastates South and North Carolina with ~20 foot storm surge and severe wind damage after hitting Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands$22.7 CI86
Tropical Storm Allison
June 1989
Tropical CycloneJune 26, 1989June 28, 1989Flooding from Tropical Storm Allison (1989) impacted Texas and Louisiana for days as Allison tracked inland. Most all of the damage was from flooding due to heavy rainfall with 20-25 inches in some locations. The slow progression of Allison also contributed to the increased rainfall totals.$1.5* CI11
Hurricane Juan
October 1985
Tropical CycloneOctober 27, 1985October 31, 1985Category 1 hurricane makes landfall near Morgan City, Louisiana. Hurricane Juan's slow movement causes severe flooding in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. Southern Louisiana was most severely affected due to widespread rainfall of 10-15 inches that caused substantial flooding.$4.3 CI63
Hurricane Gloria
September 1985
Tropical CycloneSeptember 26, 1985September 28, 1985Category 2 hurricane makes several landfalls along the eastern seaboard, affecting states from North Carolina to Maine.$2.5* CI11
Hurricane Elena
September 1985
Tropical CycloneAugust 30, 1985September 3, 1985Category 3 hurricane approaches the Florida Panhandle prior to landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi. Considerable wind and rain impacts were felt from Florida to Louisiana.$3.8 CI4
Hurricane Alicia
August 1983
Tropical CycloneAugust 17, 1983August 20, 1983Category 3 hurricane makes landfall near Galveston, Texas with maximum sustained winds 115 mph. Hurricane Alicia was the first hurricane to hit the United States mainland since Hurricane Allen in August 1980.$9.5 CI21
Hurricane Allen
August 1980
Tropical CycloneAugust 7, 1980August 11, 1980Category 3 hurricane makes landfall north of Brownsville, Texas with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph. Hurricane Allen causes rainfall up to 20 inches in southern Texas and storm surge as high as 12 feet along the coast.$2.2* CI13

*Exceeds $1 billion-dollar threshold after 2024 Consumer Price Index adjustment

The confidence interval (CI) probabilities (75%, 90% and 95%) represent the uncertainty associated with the disaster cost estimates. Monte Carlo simulations were used to produce upper and lower bounds at these confidence levels (Smith and Matthews, 2015).

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