References

Peer-Reviewed Literature

• Smith, A., and J. Matthews, 2015: Quantifying Uncertainty and Variable Sensitivity within the U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disaster Cost Estimates. Natural Hazards., DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1678-x
• Smith, A., and R. Katz, 2013: U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Data Sources, Trends, Accuracy and Biases. Natural Hazards., DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5

Technical Reports and Analyses

• Smith, A.: 2024: An active year of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, Annual Report, 2025.
• Smith, A.: 2023: A historic year of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, Annual Report, 2024.
• Smith, A.: 2022 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context, Annual Report, 2023.
• Brunetti, Celso, Benjamin Dennis, Gurubala Kotta, and Adam Smith (2023) Analyzing State Resilience to Climate Change," FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3342.
• Smith, A., 2022: 2021 U.S. Billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context and new hazard and socioeconomic risk mapping. Presentation at 2022 AMS Washington Forum, Washington, DC.
• Smith, A.: 2021 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context, Annual Report, 2022.
• NCEI, 2021: In Harm's Way - Hurricane Ida's Impact on Socially Vulnerable Communities, Event Report, 2021.
• Smith, A.: 2020 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context, Annual Report, 2021.
• Smith, A.: 2010-2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, Annual Report, 2020.
• Smith, A.: 2018's Billion Dollar Disasters in Context, Annual Report, 2019.
• Smith, A.: 2017 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: a historic year in context, Annual Report, 2018.
• Smith, A.: 2016 - A historic year for billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in U.S., Annual Report, 2017.
• Calculating the Cost of Weather and Climate Disasters: 7 things to know about U.S. billion-dollar disasters.
• Lott, N., and T. Ross, 2006: Tracking and evaluating U. S. billion dollar weather disasters, 1980-2005. Preprints. AMS Forum: Environmental Risk and Impacts on Society: Successes and Challenges, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1.2.
• Lott, N., and T. Ross, 2003: A Climatology of 1980-2003 Extreme Weather and Climate Events, Technical Report.

External References

• Hsiang, S., Kopp, R.E., Jina, A., Rising, J., Delgado M., Mohan, S., Rasmussen, D.J., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Oppenheimer, M., Larsen, K., and T. Houser. 2017. Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States. Science, 356, 1362-1369. doi:10.1126/science.aal4369.
• Zuzak, C., E. Goodenough, C. Stanton, M. Mowrer, N. Ranalli, D. Kealey, and J. Rozelle. 2021. National Risk Index Technical Documentation. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
• U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program. CDC Social Vulnerability Index 2018.

Citing this information:

• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (2025). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/, DOI: 10.25921/stkw-7w73