References

• Peterson, T. C., and R. S. Vose (1997), An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Temperature Database, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837–2849.
• Quayle, R.G., T.C. Peterson, A.N. Basist, and C.S. Godfrey, 1999: An operational near-real-time global temperature index. Geophys. Res. Lett.. 26, 3 (Feb. 1, 1999), 333–335.
• Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds (2004), Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854–1997), J. Climate, 17, 2466-2477.
• Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds (2005), A global merged land air and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997), J. Climate, 18, 2021–2036.
• Smith, T. M., et al. (2008), Improvements to NOAA's Historical Merged Land-Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880–2006), J. Climate, 21, 2283–2293.
• Boyin Huang, Viva F. Banzon, Eric Freeman, Jay Lawrimore, Wei Liu, Thomas C. Peterson, Thomas M. Smith, Peter W. Thorne, Scott D. Woodruff, and Huai-Min Zhang, 2015: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: Upgrades and Intercomparisons. J. Climate, 28, 911–930.
• Huang, B., Peter W. Thorne, et. al, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5), Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1
• Menne, M. J., C. N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J. J Rennie, and J. H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, in press. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.
• Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA's global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873

The complete land-sea surface climatology from the Climate Research Unit is described in:

• Jones, P. D., M. New, D. E. Parker, S. Martin, and I. G. Rigor (1999), Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years, Rev. Geophys., 37(2), 173—199.

Global land areas, excluding Antarctica, described in:

• New, M. G., M. Hulme and P. D. Jones, in press: Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate.

Global oceans, 60S-60N, described in:

• Parker, D. E., M. Jackson and E. B. Horton, 1995: The GISST2.2 sea surface temperature and sea-ice climatology. Climate Research Technical Note, CRTN 63, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknel, UK.

Arctic sea areas, described in:

• Rigor, I. G., R. L. Colony and S. Martin, submitted: Statistics of surface air temperature observations in the Arctic. J. Climate.
• Martin, S. and E.A. Munoz: Properties of the Arctic 2-Meter Air temperature field for 1979 to the present derived from a new gridded data set. J. Climate, 10, 1428-1440.