# North Cascades 445 Year Snowpack Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/31736 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/northamerica/usa/cascade2020swe.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Data Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: precipitation #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-10-30 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-10-30 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: North Cascades 445 Year Snowpack Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Harley, G.L.; Maxwell, R.S.; Black, B.A.; Bekker, M.F. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) reconstruction for the Northern Cascade Mountains, Washington and Oregon, USA, for the past 445 years, based on tree-ring data. # Provided Keywords: snowpack reconstruction, snow water equivalent #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Grant L. Harley, R. Stockton Maxwell, Bryan A. Black, Matthew F. Bekker # Published_Date_or_Year: 2020-09-01 # Published_Title: A multi-century, tree-ring-derived perspective of the North Cascades (USA) 2014-2016 snow drought # Journal_Name: Climatic Change # Volume: 162 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 127-143 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1007/s10584-020-02719-0 # Online_Resource: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02719-0 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Cool-season precipitation is a critical component of western North American water supplies. In recent decades snow-water equivalent (snowpack) has declined dramatically, culminating in record lows along the northern Cascade Range, USA, during the winters of 2014 and 2015. Given the brevity of observational records, the extent to which these recent trends exceed historical ranges of variability remains poorly understood. Here, we use a network of 30 tree-ring chronologies to reconstruct April 1st snowpack in the northern Cascade Mountains (Washington, USA) over the past ca. 400 years that accounts for 62% of the instrumental period variability. The reconstruction is characterized by considerable interannual- to interdecadal-scale variability. Yet, the most conspicuous feature is a decline that began in the mid-1970s concurrent with a shift to above-average air temperature which is accelerated through to the most recent years of the record. The 2014-2016 snow drought, especially snow conditions during the 2015 winter, across the northern Cascades is unprecedented within the context of the last 400 years. The reconstruction is characterized by considerable interannual- to interdecadal-scale variability, but a conspicuous decline emerged in the mid-1970s and accelerated through to the most recent years of the record to levels below the pre-industrial envelope of variability. This decline culminated in the 2014-2016 northern Cascade Mountains snow drought, which is unprecedented within the context of the last 400 years. Not only is the 20th-21st century period characterized by the rapid decline in snowpack conditions, it is also highly volatile. Extreme flips in snowpack conditions (year-to-year changes between <5th-> 95th percentiles) during the 20th-21st centuries were anomalous within the context of the record. These patterns described for the North Cascades are concurrent with anomalously low snowpack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, and thus part of a broader trend toward reduced snowpack in western North America. This decline will fundamentally impact regional drought and hydrography in North Cascadia and is likely the combined result of rising temperatures, weakening westerly winds, and the magnitude and timing of winter precipitation events. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: North Cascades # Location: North America>United States Of America # Country: United States Of America # Northernmost_Latitude: 47 # Southernmost_Latitude: 41 # Easternmost_Longitude: -120 # Westernmost_Longitude: -124 # Elevation: 1900 #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Cascade2020SWE # Earliest_Year: 1570 # Most_Recent_Year: 2014 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## Year age, , , year Common Era, , climate reconstructions; tree rings, , ,N, ## SWE snow water equivalent, ring width, , centimeter, , climate reconstructions; tree rings,,,N, April 1 snow water equivalent # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Year SWE 1570 362.1 1571 259.0 1572 355.5 1573 370.3 1574 355.5 1575 333.9 1576 296.2 1577 444.1 1578 369.7 1579 478.9 1580 294.9 1581 353.4 1582 393.7 1583 308.5 1584 455.0 1585 267.6 1586 274.3 1587 440.9 1588 302.8 1589 341.6 1590 306.9 1591 261.8 1592 403.5 1593 314.6 1594 350.0 1595 195.3 1596 265.7 1597 247.4 1598 196.5 1599 405.4 1600 185.9 1601 411.3 1602 288.1 1603 306.3 1604 351.2 1605 349.6 1606 402.6 1607 142.5 1608 253.8 1609 277.5 1610 306.4 1611 288.7 1612 450.8 1613 424.0 1614 277.0 1615 327.1 1616 238.5 1617 387.7 1618 398.9 1619 367.0 1620 323.5 1621 320.0 1622 294.4 1623 258.4 1624 342.2 1625 437.7 1626 346.5 1627 397.1 1628 420.2 1629 273.7 1630 322.6 1631 465.7 1632 229.8 1633 201.2 1634 219.0 1635 337.6 1636 384.8 1637 328.3 1638 338.3 1639 331.4 1640 265.5 1641 410.1 1642 307.6 1643 416.0 1644 377.7 1645 342.5 1646 281.5 1647 342.3 1648 401.5 1649 354.6 1650 426.8 1651 340.1 1652 317.7 1653 474.3 1654 408.7 1655 213.4 1656 325.1 1657 355.2 1658 350.1 1659 375.5 1660 242.4 1661 232.4 1662 397.4 1663 439.9 1664 329.4 1665 248.5 1666 342.4 1667 290.5 1668 445.3 1669 366.5 1670 305.9 1671 258.4 1672 498.1 1673 320.5 1674 303.6 1675 362.4 1676 451.5 1677 289.7 1678 341.8 1679 358.8 1680 300.8 1681 331.2 1682 314.4 1683 298.1 1684 472.4 1685 416.1 1686 265.3 1687 220.2 1688 337.6 1689 303.8 1690 356.3 1691 452.0 1692 262.5 1693 334.3 1694 444.9 1695 322.8 1696 439.9 1697 515.5 1698 335.1 1699 308.5 1700 298.0 1701 450.8 1702 447.4 1703 394.1 1704 413.3 1705 357.2 1706 335.0 1707 481.4 1708 332.7 1709 362.5 1710 298.2 1711 329.4 1712 220.6 1713 352.8 1714 261.7 1715 460.3 1716 341.8 1717 299.3 1718 319.0 1719 257.1 1720 380.0 1721 271.3 1722 347.1 1723 366.9 1724 330.2 1725 394.1 1726 199.5 1727 334.6 1728 417.1 1729 282.0 1730 411.7 1731 306.1 1732 287.7 1733 269.8 1734 403.7 1735 292.5 1736 302.7 1737 330.6 1738 268.6 1739 327.7 1740 321.1 1741 291.3 1742 461.0 1743 282.4 1744 306.2 1745 308.2 1746 341.9 1747 263.2 1748 307.6 1749 320.7 1750 358.1 1751 323.1 1752 482.4 1753 466.8 1754 505.4 1755 409.0 1756 274.2 1757 347.6 1758 359.4 1759 353.1 1760 340.3 1761 356.4 1762 311.9 1763 335.9 1764 355.5 1765 272.6 1766 317.6 1767 285.4 1768 269.9 1769 372.2 1770 249.1 1771 224.2 1772 266.2 1773 215.9 1774 281.8 1775 482.4 1776 291.0 1777 240.9 1778 248.0 1779 304.5 1780 256.5 1781 372.4 1782 438.4 1783 279.7 1784 349.4 1785 340.4 1786 299.3 1787 440.3 1788 221.7 1789 327.2 1790 310.5 1791 240.5 1792 317.6 1793 283.1 1794 222.8 1795 264.4 1796 333.5 1797 394.4 1798 223.4 1799 420.5 1800 290.1 1801 428.3 1802 321.0 1803 279.0 1804 248.5 1805 201.2 1806 434.4 1807 371.2 1808 381.0 1809 371.4 1810 513.3 1811 403.0 1812 364.3 1813 395.3 1814 285.9 1815 375.5 1816 308.0 1817 270.0 1818 365.6 1819 452.2 1820 440.8 1821 421.7 1822 302.0 1823 369.3 1824 330.2 1825 247.6 1826 375.4 1827 384.6 1828 377.8 1829 249.9 1830 389.3 1831 364.2 1832 425.9 1833 333.3 1834 227.1 1835 308.9 1836 401.5 1837 301.1 1838 394.9 1839 171.1 1840 459.4 1841 376.1 1842 416.3 1843 314.9 1844 342.0 1845 395.0 1846 257.2 1847 452.8 1848 342.2 1849 389.3 1850 367.4 1851 293.2 1852 288.8 1853 349.9 1854 301.3 1855 223.7 1856 393.2 1857 377.0 1858 351.2 1859 353.8 1860 264.4 1861 346.5 1862 488.1 1863 207.8 1864 414.9 1865 314.1 1866 455.3 1867 402.6 1868 326.6 1869 297.3 1870 341.7 1871 377.6 1872 342.2 1873 302.8 1874 227.1 1875 284.3 1876 468.5 1877 281.2 1878 315.5 1879 339.8 1880 509.7 1881 397.4 1882 407.5 1883 359.2 1884 328.8 1885 287.4 1886 316.4 1887 415.5 1888 330.4 1889 332.8 1890 295.6 1891 266.9 1892 354.0 1893 325.5 1894 420.6 1895 327.2 1896 399.5 1897 350.1 1898 298.0 1899 477.3 1900 279.0 1901 242.1 1902 307.2 1903 367.2 1904 214.1 1905 302.3 1906 406.6 1907 347.3 1908 329.1 1909 382.8 1910 307.8 1911 333.1 1912 357.0 1913 296.5 1914 167.4 1915 280.5 1916 569.3 1917 439.4 1918 357.3 1919 331.8 1920 224.5 1921 403.9 1922 315.2 1923 429.3 1924 263.3 1925 417.4 1926 277.9 1927 358.9 1928 352.2 1929 309.8 1930 277.2 1931 241.1 1932 406.8 1933 420.6 1934 259.0 1935 258.7 1936 297.1 1937 348.3 1938 332.0 1939 277.6 1940 181.7 1941 183.8 1942 245.2 1943 397.1 1944 177.0 1945 233.7 1946 386.9 1947 285.6 1948 283.0 1949 350.3 1950 341.1 1951 376.8 1952 328.6 1953 399.6 1954 414.6 1955 237.6 1956 418.3 1957 295.6 1958 267.0 1959 404.4 1960 335.7 1961 379.0 1962 365.6 1963 240.7 1964 294.6 1965 308.8 1966 292.6 1967 346.7 1968 329.8 1969 309.1 1970 249.9 1971 427.5 1972 484.8 1973 255.2 1974 423.5 1975 319.4 1976 296.4 1977 144.0 1978 264.9 1979 225.6 1980 262.9 1981 238.3 1982 349.0 1983 312.6 1984 179.7 1985 241.3 1986 317.6 1987 233.1 1988 312.9 1989 347.4 1990 215.4 1991 503.8 1992 361.8 1993 373.7 1994 200.0 1995 258.5 1996 241.9 1997 303.2 1998 188.2 1999 321.6 2000 198.5 2001 220.5 2002 297.7 2003 288.2 2004 280.2 2005 237.6 2006 270.0 2007 349.7 2008 367.0 2009 332.5 2010 319.1 2011 384.2 2012 270.1 2013 273.4 2014 79.3