# Upper Rio Grande 445 Year Runoff Efficiency Reconstructions
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22070 
#       Description: 
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/newmexico/lehner2017riogrande-readme.txt
#       Description:
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# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Climate Reconstructions
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# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: streamflow 
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2017-04-05 
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2017-04-05 
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Upper Rio Grande 445 Year Runoff Efficiency Reconstructions
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# Investigators
#	Investigators: Lehner, F.; Wahl, E.R.; Wood, A.W.; Blatchford, D.B.; Llewellyn, D.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Tree-ring based ensemble reconstructions of upper Rio Grande streamflow, 
#	precipitation, and runoff efficiency at Otowi Bridge, New Mexico, since 1571 CE. 
#	Three comma-delimited text files contain the ensemble reconstructions: 
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#	File lehner2017riogrande-flow.txt  contains a 1000 member ensemble of streamflow reconstructions, 
#	based on the updated Otowi Bridge, NM, naturalized streamflow reconstruction from Woodhouse et al. 
#	(2012, doi: 10.3354/cr01059); the original reconstruction is available at: 
#	http://www.treeflow.info/content/rio-grande-owoti-new-mexico-update 
#	The method to derive the ensemble of reconstructions is described in the Supplementary Material of 
#	Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253); the original reconstruction and the ensemble 
#	of reconstructions are displayed in Fig. 1 of Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253). 
#	The data has dimensions [rows x columns] = [1001 x 563], with the following specifications: 
#	row  1 = time vector in units of years C.E. (i.e., 1450-2012) 
#	rows 2 to 1001 = ensemble members 1-1000 
#	columns = reconstructions of length 563 years (as in 1450-2012), in units of 1000 acre feet (KAF) 
# 
#	File lehner2017riogrande-precip.txt  contains a 1000 member ensemble of precipitation reconstructions 
#	for the drainage area of the Otowi Bridge, NM, streamflow gauge, and is based on a modified version 
#	of the precipitation reconstruction from Diaz and Wahl (2015, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00774.1) 
#	The method to derive the ensemble of reconstructions is described in the Supplementary Material of 
#	Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253); the original reconstruction and the ensemble of 
#	reconstructions are displayed in Fig. 1 of Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253). 
#	The data has dimensions [rows x columns] = [1001 x 407], with the following specifications: 
#	row  1 = time vector in units of years C.E. (i.e., 1571-1977) 
#	rows 2 to 1001 = ensemble members 1-1000 
#	columns = reconstructions of length 407 years (as in 1571-1977), in units of 1000 acre feet (KAF) 
# 
#	File lehner2017riogrande-runoff.txt  contains a 1000 member ensemble of runoff ratio reconstructions 
#	for Otowi Bridge, NM, based on ensembles of reconstruction for streamflow and precipitation for the same gauge. 
#	Specifically, the two ensembles are combined to form a runoff ratio ensemble of size 1,000,000. 
#	For practical purposes, a subsample of 1000 ensemble members is generated by randomly selecting 1000 members 
#	from the 1,000,000 original members. The method to derive the ensemble of reconstructions is described in 
#	the Supplementary Material of Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253); the ensemble of reconstructions 
#	is displayed in Fig. 1 of Lehner et al. (2017, doi: 10.1002/2017GL073253). 
#	The data has dimensions [rows x columns] = [1001 x 407], with the following specifications: 
#	row  1 = time vector in units of years C.E. (i.e., 1571-1977) 
#	rows 2 to 1001 = ensemble members 1-1000 
#	columns = reconstructions of length 407 years (as in 1571-1977), unitless
# 
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# Publication 
#	Authors: Flavio Lehner, Eugene R. Wahl, Andrew W. Wood, Douglas B. Blatchford, Dagmar Llewellyn
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2017-06-06     
#	Published_Title: Assessing recent declines in Upper Rio Grande runoff efficiency from a paleoclimate perspective
#	Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
#	Volume: 
#	Edition: 
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#	Pages:
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#	DOI: 
#	Online_Resource: 
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Recent decades have seen strong trends in hydroclimate over the American Southwest, with major river basins such as the Rio Grande exhibiting intermittent drought and declining runoff efficiencies. The extent to which these observed trends are exceptional has implications for current water management and seasonal streamflow forecasting practices. We present a new reconstruction of runoff ratio for the Upper Rio Grande basin back to 1571 CE, which provides evidence that the declining trend in runoff ratio from the 1980s to present-day is unprecedented in context of the last 445 years. Though runoff ratio is found to vary primarily in proportion to precipitation, the reconstructions suggest a secondary influence of temperature. In years of low precipitation, very low runoff ratios are made 2.5-3 times more likely by high temperatures. This temperature sensitivity appears to have strengthened in recent decades, implying future water management vulnerability should recent warming trends in the region continue.
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#	Grant: UCAR
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
#	Grant: Postdoc Applying Climate Expertise (PACE)
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US Bureau of Reclamation 
#	Grant: R11AC80816 
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US Army Corps of Engineers
#	Grant: Climate Preparedness and Resilience Program 
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# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Otowi Bridge
#	Location: North America>United States Of America>New Mexico
#	Country: United States Of America
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 35.8747
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 35.8747 
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -106.1414
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -106.1414 
# 	Elevation:  
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Lehner2017SFE
#	Earliest_Year: 1571
#	Most_Recent_Year: 2015
#	Time_Unit:  AD
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
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# Variables 
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# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
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## age_CE	age, , , CE, , , , ,N,
## precip	precipitation, , , thousands of acre feet, annual, Climate Reconstructions, , ,N, 
## flow	streamflow, , , thousands of acre feet, annual, Climate Reconstructions, , ,N, 
## runoff	runoff efficiency ratio, , , , annual, Climate Reconstructions, , ,N, 
#
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