# Howard - Bretby Hall - QUSP - ITRDB BRIT077 #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/28314 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-tree-28314.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Tree Ring # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/europe/brit077-rwl-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: Raw Measurements - NOAA Template File; brit077-rwl-noaa.txt # # Related_Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/europe/brit077.rwl # Related_Online_Description: RWL File; Raw Measurements - Tucson Decadal File # # Supplemental_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/measurements/correlation-stats/brit077.txt # Supplemental_Description: Text File; Correlation Stats # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2019-11-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2019-11-01 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Howard - Bretby Hall - QUSP - ITRDB BRIT077 #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Howard, R.E.; Laxton, R.R.; Litton, C.D. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Ring width series for samples in site sequence BRTASQ02 which spans period AD 1685-1805. NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2020-03-09. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: # Journal_Name: # Published_Title: # Published_Date_or_Year: # Volume: # Pages: # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Historic England # Grant: #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Bretby Hall # Location: United Kingdom # Northernmost_Latitude: 52.799678 # Southernmost_Latitude: 52.799678 # Easternmost_Longitude: -1.555743 # Westernmost_Longitude: -1.555743 # Elevation_m: None #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: BRIT077 # First_Year: 1685 # Last_Year: 1805 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: ring width # Notes: None #-------------------- # Species # Species_Name: Quercus spp. L. # Common_Name: oak # Tree_Species_Code: QUSP #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables format: shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_CE age,,,year Common Era,,tree ring,,,N, ## BRTA17A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA17A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA17B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA17B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA18A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA18A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA18B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA18B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA19A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA19A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA19B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA19B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA20A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA20A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA20B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA20B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA21A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA21A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA21B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA21B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA22A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA22A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA22B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA22B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA23A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA23A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA23B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA23B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA24A_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA24A; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 ## BRTA24B_raw total ring width,,,millimeter,,tree ring,,,N,Tree ID: BRTA24B; units are 0.01 mm if end-of-series marker is 999 and 0.001 mm if end-of-series marker is -9999 #--------------------- # Data: # Missing_Values: NA age_CE BRTA17A_raw BRTA17B_raw BRTA18A_raw BRTA18B_raw BRTA19A_raw BRTA19B_raw BRTA20A_raw BRTA20B_raw BRTA21A_raw BRTA21B_raw BRTA22A_raw BRTA22B_raw BRTA23A_raw BRTA23B_raw BRTA24A_raw BRTA24B_raw 1685 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.76 1.58 NA NA 1686 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.5 1.63 NA NA 1687 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.89 2.05 NA NA 1688 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.61 2.54 NA NA 1689 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.67 2.64 NA NA 1690 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.61 2.1 NA NA 1691 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.85 1.86 NA NA 1692 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.11 1.16 NA NA 1693 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.64 1.6 NA NA 1694 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.53 1.5 NA NA 1695 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.13 1.95 NA NA 1696 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.46 2.57 2.63 2.58 1697 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.87 1.97 1.57 1.3 1698 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.02 2.05 1.23 1.15 1699 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.69 1.61 0.77 0.75 1700 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.17 2.07 1.21 1.19 1701 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.03 2.11 2.01 2.08 1702 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.55 1.57 3 3.12 1703 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.56 1.47 3.2 3.09 1704 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.46 1.61 3.23 3.21 1705 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.51 1.31 2.35 2.37 1706 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.11 1.13 4.23 3.96 1707 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.19 1.25 3.7 3.69 1708 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.12 2.09 3.88 4.05 1709 NA NA NA NA 1.96 1.86 NA NA 2.48 2.51 NA NA 1.76 1.83 3.72 3.66 1710 NA NA NA NA 0.94 1 NA NA 1.68 1.81 NA NA 0.96 0.85 2.28 2.34 1711 0.5 0.59 NA NA 0.75 0.77 NA NA 2.22 2.12 NA NA 1.29 1.3 2.63 2.72 1712 0.63 0.68 NA NA 1.18 1.21 NA NA 3.38 3.25 NA NA 2.05 2.09 3.75 3.66 1713 0.76 0.82 NA NA 1.54 1.59 NA NA 3.12 2.88 NA NA 1.65 1.64 3.72 3.86 1714 0.79 0.7 NA NA 1.26 1.21 NA NA 2.36 2.48 NA NA 1.08 1.13 2.88 2.87 1715 0.47 0.45 NA NA 0.91 0.95 NA NA 2.56 2.56 NA NA 1.01 0.91 3.21 3.14 1716 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.81 0.76 NA NA 2.46 2.47 NA NA 1.46 1.48 2.86 2.73 1717 0.58 0.62 0.57 0.52 1.4 1.03 NA NA 2.19 2.24 NA NA 1.41 1.36 2.73 2.79 1718 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.3 0.37 0.45 NA NA 1.6 1.69 NA NA 0.99 0.91 2.41 2.38 1719 0.42 0.47 0.38 0.46 0.82 0.65 NA NA 1.59 1.69 NA NA 0.86 0.93 2.08 2.08 1720 1.05 1.06 1.12 1.07 1.4 1.33 NA NA 3.53 3.37 NA NA 1.55 1.55 3.98 3.92 1721 1.86 1.9 1.6 1.64 2.02 1.97 NA NA 2.92 2.97 2.81 2.87 1.72 1.78 3.28 3.22 1722 1.45 1.46 1.8 1.78 1.55 1.6 NA NA 1.88 1.82 2.75 2.74 1.43 1.12 2.35 2.35 1723 1.05 1.03 1.13 1.17 1.06 0.98 NA NA 1.61 1.37 2.63 2.71 0.92 1.26 2.59 2.49 1724 0.82 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.89 0.86 NA NA 2.02 1.83 2.79 2.6 0.92 0.9 2.97 2.95 1725 0.72 0.54 0.63 0.66 0.59 0.58 NA NA 1.54 1.43 2.53 2.69 1.01 1.04 2.3 2.37 1726 0.77 0.73 0.66 0.61 0.54 0.46 NA NA 2.71 2.45 2.96 3.06 1.06 1.15 2.49 2.65 1727 0.55 0.67 0.51 0.52 0.46 0.48 NA NA 1.11 1.18 1.91 1.81 1.15 0.99 1.35 1.42 1728 0.54 0.66 0.61 0.59 0.5 0.62 NA NA 0.99 0.93 1.19 1.02 1.01 1.15 0.74 0.78 1729 0.94 1.12 0.86 0.84 0.72 0.8 NA NA 1.09 1.09 0.93 1.07 1.21 1.31 0.86 0.85 1730 0.94 1.25 0.93 0.98 0.91 0.99 NA NA 0.91 1.14 1.11 1.1 1.4 1.35 0.77 0.66 1731 1.32 1.15 1.2 1.15 1.26 1.17 NA NA 1.22 1.23 1.44 1.46 1.54 1.71 0.99 1.02 1732 1.4 1.41 1.31 1.29 1.2 1.13 NA NA 1.57 1.6 1.74 1.7 1.06 0.99 1.25 1.17 1733 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.59 0.76 0.74 NA NA 1.22 1.2 1.75 1.7 0.81 0.72 1.07 1.1 1734 0.67 0.64 0.83 0.85 0.71 0.88 NA NA 0.89 0.84 1.51 1.57 0.78 0.95 0.85 0.9 1735 1.32 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.49 1.34 NA NA 1.1 0.98 2.06 2.14 0.78 0.88 1.34 1.33 1736 0.95 0.9 0.74 0.53 0.93 0.94 NA NA 1.11 1.3 2.41 2.34 0.79 0.73 0.81 0.86 1737 0.53 0.58 0.38 0.33 0.51 0.46 NA NA 0.73 0.75 1.59 1.59 0.6 0.57 0.57 0.57 1738 0.68 0.7 0.46 0.48 0.86 0.74 NA NA 0.94 0.87 2.29 2.25 1.06 1.17 1.06 1.07 1739 1.11 1.09 0.89 0.92 1.17 1.18 NA NA 1.04 1 2.16 2.2 1.14 1.1 1.35 1.38 1740 1.02 1.03 0.65 0.68 1.22 1.26 NA NA 1.08 1.09 2.1 1.98 1.03 0.98 1.31 1.19 1741 0.94 0.85 0.64 0.68 1.04 0.99 NA NA 0.82 0.8 1.27 1.31 0.68 0.58 1.08 1.09 1742 2.41 2.48 0.46 0.48 0.86 0.9 NA NA 0.6 0.7 1.05 1.01 0.46 0.57 0.92 0.99 1743 3.78 3.47 1.88 1.91 1.31 1.38 NA NA 0.59 0.6 0.85 0.92 0.7 0.73 0.58 0.61 1744 1.85 2.06 2.29 2.21 1.22 1.22 NA NA 0.64 0.7 0.88 0.95 0.8 0.75 0.75 0.66 1745 2.56 2.44 2.85 2.88 1.92 1.82 NA NA 0.57 0.49 0.6 0.56 0.71 0.75 0.6 0.66 1746 2.82 2.79 4.7 4.87 2.71 1.95 2 2.13 1.18 1.16 1.12 1.29 1.52 1.39 1.19 1.18 1747 2.25 2.27 4.06 4 1.51 1.65 3.01 3.13 1.66 1.66 2.05 2.12 1.05 1.08 1.95 1.84 1748 1.49 1.52 2.97 2.93 1.34 1.35 2.15 2.09 1.82 1.94 1.16 1.15 0.76 0.79 1.94 1.91 1749 1.64 1.58 3.42 3.4 1.61 1.52 2.57 2.55 2.11 2 2.12 2.1 1.12 1.12 2.14 2.18 1750 1.59 1.63 3.19 3.12 1.75 1.71 2.25 2.29 2.29 2.39 2.99 2.99 0.96 0.97 2.74 2.76 1751 1.74 1.85 3.31 3.06 1.82 1.81 2.53 2.38 2.11 2.03 2.77 2.93 1.27 1.21 2.18 2.21 1752 1.92 1.91 2.74 2.7 1.53 1.46 2.29 2.3 2.28 2.25 2.75 2.6 0.77 0.77 2.4 2.53 1753 1.15 1.14 1.92 1.75 1.01 0.95 1.58 1.44 1.43 1.51 2.21 2.21 0.47 0.46 2.17 2.16 1754 1.42 1.42 1.53 1.54 0.79 0.84 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.62 2.4 2.33 0.43 0.42 1.93 1.89 1755 1.48 1.4 1.85 1.73 0.88 1.13 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.68 2.05 2.07 0.63 0.66 2.15 2.13 1756 2.61 2.63 2.37 2.31 1.46 1.66 2 2.1 2.29 2.32 2.51 2.52 0.93 1.03 2.16 2.34 1757 2.3 2.2 1.76 1.88 1.42 1.2 1.86 1.79 1.8 1.91 2.36 2.3 0.67 0.65 2.1 2.05 1758 1.87 1.8 1.31 1.3 1.09 0.95 1.3 1.35 1.63 1.75 2.61 2.66 0.57 0.58 2.38 2.27 1759 1.86 1.83 1.7 1.62 0.99 0.94 1.71 1.81 1.56 1.52 1.82 1.88 0.51 0.56 1.17 1.23 1760 1.96 1.94 1.71 1.71 0.89 0.88 1.6 1.69 1.25 1.33 2.19 2.23 0.78 0.75 1.39 1.34 1761 2.01 2.14 2.23 2.18 0.88 0.99 2.29 1.79 1 1.06 2.04 2.15 0.79 0.83 1.42 1.54 1762 1.33 1.32 1.44 1.26 0.7 0.79 1.47 1.39 1.08 0.94 1.46 1.38 0.49 0.61 1 0.95 1763 1.57 1.5 1.38 1.26 0.67 0.66 1.36 1.43 1.12 1.09 1.59 1.55 0.75 0.79 1.22 1.18 1764 1.8 1.8 1.85 1.76 0.94 0.92 1.69 1.77 1.46 1.35 2.5 2.24 0.96 0.79 1.11 1.01 1765 1.81 1.78 1.61 1.56 0.62 0.69 1.93 1.77 1.86 1.85 1.75 1.78 0.55 0.52 1.19 1.16 1766 1.76 1.71 1.92 2.03 0.85 0.95 2.13 2.2 1.51 1.61 1.84 1.8 0.51 0.52 1.29 1.24 1767 2.48 2.5 3.29 3.26 2.01 2.1 3.78 3.77 1.63 1.61 1.95 1.97 0.69 0.62 1.67 1.7 1768 5.17 5.06 5.86 5.82 3.12 2.99 5.13 5.44 2.1 2 2.96 2.76 0.95 1 2.09 2.09 1769 5.03 4.74 4.73 4.76 3.06 3.4 3.73 3.47 1.8 1.66 2.43 2.23 0.87 0.96 1.2 1.26 1770 2.48 2.57 1.65 1.54 2.19 2.21 2.17 2.25 1.14 1.14 1.77 1.54 0.67 0.64 0.88 0.85 1771 2.3 2.31 1.81 1.75 2.09 2.04 2.36 2.27 1.27 1.4 2.02 1.73 0.6 0.5 1.12 1.22 1772 3.63 3.43 2.49 2.75 2.95 2.87 3.18 3.38 1.67 1.64 2.67 2.72 0.69 0.71 1.54 1.5 1773 3.53 3.58 2.24 2.32 2.97 2.96 3.01 3.14 1.81 1.91 2.97 2.97 0.87 0.95 1.52 1.51 1774 4.55 4.7 4.17 4.21 3.94 3.78 3.41 3.69 1.78 1.74 3.12 3.14 1.46 1.4 1.63 1.55 1775 6.15 6.22 5.36 4.89 4.24 4.23 2.72 2.88 1.53 1.5 2.88 2.96 1.81 1.85 1.8 1.72 1776 3.7 3.79 3.6 3.73 2.76 2.72 3.62 3.53 1.56 1.52 2.46 2.25 1.42 1.33 1.84 1.91 1777 2.43 2.51 2.33 2.27 2.37 2.31 2.61 2.43 1.15 1.2 2.52 2.58 1.67 1.64 1.38 1.37 1778 2.88 2.77 2.86 2.93 2.34 2.32 3.08 2.94 1.25 1.29 2.06 2.14 1.87 2.02 1.55 1.47 1779 2.78 2.83 3.51 3.51 2.93 2.91 4.09 3.77 1.14 1.16 2.71 2.76 1.35 1.33 2.29 2.27 1780 2.66 2.68 2.74 2.71 2.3 2.37 2.93 3.59 1.39 1.47 2.82 2.88 1.61 1.56 1.78 1.64 1781 2.28 2.2 1.88 1.92 1.99 1.89 3.27 3.09 1.26 1.2 2.4 2.21 1.56 1.56 1.61 1.63 1782 1.85 1.92 1.82 1.85 1.69 1.75 2.94 2.81 1.43 1.47 2.22 2.29 1.39 1.49 1.56 1.52 1783 1.39 1.4 1.77 1.75 1.48 1.44 3.74 3.73 1.18 1.14 2.18 2.31 1 0.87 1.47 1.54 1784 1.45 1.56 1.33 1.35 1.44 1.39 2.6 2.38 1.3 1.39 2.54 2.64 1.1 1.11 1.79 1.83 1785 1.66 1.36 0.89 0.96 1.05 1.13 1.61 1.59 1.12 0.96 2.1 2.26 0.97 0.97 1.53 1.49 1786 0.86 0.97 0.91 0.8 0.76 0.65 1.38 1.51 1.36 1.35 2.21 2.06 0.71 0.78 1.65 1.78 1787 1.38 1.2 1.17 1.24 1.01 1.05 2.39 2.17 1.16 1.15 1.87 2 0.66 0.71 1.15 1.1 1788 2.08 2.07 1.76 1.75 1.07 1.09 3.21 3.07 1.38 1.38 2.9 2.8 1.44 1.47 1.69 1.76 1789 2.73 2.68 1.97 1.95 1.34 1.1 3.15 3.11 2.23 2.19 3.77 3.72 NA NA 2.26 2.35 1790 2.85 2.74 3.12 3.17 2.16 1.88 4.32 4.33 1.58 1.59 2.24 2.26 NA NA NA NA 1791 2.72 2.73 2.24 2.15 1.79 2.13 4.04 3.74 1.17 1.06 1.8 1.76 NA NA NA NA 1792 1.68 1.62 1.47 1.76 1.55 1.59 2.33 2.44 0.96 0.99 1.49 1.36 NA NA NA NA 1793 1.38 1.31 1.4 1.47 1.2 1.21 2.28 2.24 0.85 0.89 1.32 1.43 NA NA NA NA 1794 1.52 1.72 1.72 1.59 1.34 1.25 2.39 2.64 0.86 0.9 1.34 1.36 NA NA NA NA 1795 2.18 2.03 1.37 1.23 1.57 1.65 3.1 2.94 1.84 1.75 2.59 2.78 NA NA NA NA 1796 2.12 2.04 1.95 2.17 1.94 1.82 3.61 4.01 0.77 0.87 1.23 1.23 NA NA NA NA 1797 2.58 2.4 NA NA 2.01 1.81 3.58 3.2 1.54 1.5 2.42 2.22 NA NA NA NA 1798 2.35 2.49 NA NA 2.29 2.16 2.66 2.34 1.46 1.47 1.71 1.71 NA NA NA NA 1799 1.25 1.16 NA NA 1.32 1.28 2.94 2.79 1.02 1.13 1.54 1.41 NA NA NA NA 1800 1.23 1.28 NA NA 1.53 1.57 NA NA 0.81 0.84 1.03 1.13 NA NA NA NA 1801 1.39 1.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.76 0.73 1.29 1.27 NA NA NA NA 1802 2.09 0.91 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.82 0.78 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1803 1.41 1.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.01 1.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1804 1.69 1.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1805 NA 1.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA