# Brazil 85,000 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23510 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/brazil/marota2018d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Speleothems
#
# Dataset DOI: 
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2018-03-26
#---------------------------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2018-03-26
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Brazil 85,000 Year Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Strikis, N.; Cruz, F.
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Speleothem oxygen isotope (d18O) records from 4 caves in Brazil: Lapa Grande (LG), Lapa Sem Fim (LSF), 
#	 Marota (MAG) and Paixão (PX), for the past 85,000 years.
#         Provided Keywords: Heinrich Stadial, South American monsoon, spleothem, stable isotope
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Nicolás M. Stríkis, Francisco W. Cruz, Eline A. S. Barreto, Filipa Naughton, Mathias Vuille, Hai Cheng, Antje H. L. Voelker, Haiwei Zhang, Ivo Karmann, R. Lawrence Edwards, Augusto S. Auler, Roberto Ventura Santos and Hamilton Reis Sales
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2018-03-26
# Published_Title: South American monsoon response to iceberg discharge in the North Atlantic
# Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 
# Volume: 
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717784115 
# Online_Resource: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/20/1717784115
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Heinrich Stadials significantly affected tropical precipitation through changes in the interhemispheric temperature gradient as a result of abrupt cooling in the North Atlantic. Here, we focus on changes in South American monsoon precipitation during Heinrich Stadials using a suite of speleothem records covering the last 85 ky B.P. from eastern South America. We document the response of South American monsoon precipitation to episodes of extensive iceberg discharge, which is distinct from the response to the cooling episodes that precede the main phase of ice-rafted detritus deposition. Our results demonstrate that iceberg discharge in the western subtropical North Atlantic led to an abrupt increase in monsoon precipitation over eastern South America. Our findings of an enhanced Southern Hemisphere monsoon, coeval with the iceberg discharge into the North Atlantic, are consistent with the observed abrupt increase in atmospheric methane concentrations during Heinrich Stadials.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: FAPESP
#    Grant: 2011/12087-4, 2012/01187-4, 2016/00299-4
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: NSF
#    Grant: AGS-1303828
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: NSF-C
#    Grant: 41731174
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: FAPESP/NSF 
#    Grant: 2012/ 50260-6, 2013/50297
#-------------------- 
# Site_Information 
#       Site_Name: Marota Cave
#	Location: South America>Brazil
#	Country: Brazil 
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -12.5833
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -12.5833
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: -41.0333
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -41.0333
# 	Elevation:  m 
#------------------ 
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Morota2018d18O
#   First_Year: 58825
#   Last_Year: 39345
#   Time_Unit: Cal. yr BP
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_mm	depth, , , mm, , , , ,N,
## age_calkaBP	age, , , calendar kyears before present, , , , ,N,
## d18O	delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil VPDB, ,speleothems, ,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, 
#
#----------------
# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
depth_mm	age_calkaBP	d18O
2216.0	39.345	-4.56956
2221.5	39.361	-4.64294
2227.0	39.378	-5.10461
2232.5	39.394	-3.62066
2238.0	39.410	-4.86997
2243.5	39.426	-4.10196
2249.0	39.443	-4.86216
2254.5	39.459	-4.40984
2260.0	39.475	-4.93449
2265.5	39.491	-4.67920
2271.0	39.507	-5.40592
2276.5	39.524	-5.81540
2282.0	39.540	-4.42638
2287.5	39.556	-4.43840
2293.0	39.572	-5.26699
2298.5	39.589	-4.90634
2304.0	39.605	-3.84081
2309.5	39.621	-4.26838
2315.0	39.637	-3.80784
2320.5	39.654	-4.87901
2326.0	39.670	-4.16945
2337.0	39.702	-5.10605
2342.5	39.719	-4.66307
2348.0	39.735	-5.03650
2353.5	39.751	-5.39082
2359.0	39.767	-5.55621
2364.5	39.783	-5.91526
2370.0	39.800	-3.95002
2375.5	39.816	-3.77147
2381.0	39.832	-3.34339
2386.5	39.848	-4.57041
2392.0	39.865	-5.04338
2397.5	39.881	-4.41467
2403.0	39.897	-4.36166
2408.5	39.913	-3.50817
2414.0	39.930	-4.02871
2419.5	39.946	-4.27989
2425.0	39.962	-4.17798
2430.5	39.978	-4.06867
2436.0	39.994	-3.59313
2441.5	40.011	-4.34276
2447.0	40.027	-3.45629
2452.5	40.043	-3.31360
2458.0	40.059	-4.65783
2463.5	40.076	-4.69461
2469.0	40.092	-3.71507
2474.5	40.108	-3.32726
2480.0	40.124	-2.94993
2485.5	40.141	-3.39980
2491.0	40.157	-2.31701
2496.5	40.173	-4.09528
2502.0	40.189	-3.51732
2507.5	40.206	-1.25580
2513.0	40.222	-4.12168
2518.5	40.238	-3.04239
2524.0	40.254	-3.51362
2529.5	40.270	-4.78697
2536.5	40.290	-3.74928
2543.5	40.310	-4.28708
2550.5	40.329	-4.30269
2557.5	40.349	-4.53250
2564.5	40.368	-4.56517
2571.5	40.388	-5.00834
2578.5	40.408	-3.81623
2585.5	40.427	-4.08731
2592.5	40.447	-3.04414
2599.5	40.466	-4.08108
2606.5	40.486	-3.94824
2613.5	40.505	-3.65528
2620.5	40.525	-3.29412
2627.5	40.545	-3.78162
2634.5	40.564	-3.66115
2641.5	40.584	-3.81665
2648.5	40.603	-4.34665
2655.5	40.623	-4.87448
2662.5	40.643	-4.58261
2669.5	40.662	-4.31661
2676.5	40.682	-4.18481
2683.5	40.701	-3.92683
2690.5	40.721	-4.23045
2697.5	40.740	-4.42295
2704.5	40.760	-4.23533
2711.5	40.780	-3.55907
2718.5	40.799	-3.30379
2725.5	40.819	-3.49421
2732.5	40.838	-3.78193
2739.5	40.858	-3.28237
2746.5	40.877	-3.08665
2753.5	40.897	-2.75185
2760.5	40.917	-3.91622
2767.5	40.936	-3.91217
2774.5	40.956	-4.08274
2781.5	40.975	-3.63370
2788.5	40.995	-3.22666
2795.5	41.015	-3.10806
2802.5	41.034	-3.23123
2809.5	41.054	-3.27562
2816.5	41.073	-3.78650
2823.5	41.093	-3.51989
2830.5	41.112	-4.45787
2837.5	41.132	-3.76301
2844.5	41.152	-3.57082
2849.5	41.171	-4.09719
2854.5	41.191	-4.09916
2859.5	41.211	-3.61385
2864.5	41.230	-3.40004
2869.5	41.250	-3.30535
2874.5	41.270	-3.83743
2879.5	41.289	-3.34433
2884.5	41.309	-0.47434
2889.5	41.329	-4.06455
2894.5	41.348	-3.24745
2899.5	41.368	-0.01906
2904.5	41.388	-0.41478
2909.5	41.407	-2.33015
2914.5	41.427	-3.47446
2919.5	41.447	-4.03316
2924.5	41.466	-4.31641
2929.5	41.486	-2.29512
2934.5	41.506	-4.04459
2939.5	41.525	-4.52034
2944.5	41.545	-3.09341
2949.5	41.565	-4.02464
2954.5	41.584	-4.16049
2959.5	41.604	-4.13835
2964.5	41.624	-4.40330
2969.5	41.643	-5.25897
2974.5	41.663	-4.99303
2979.5	41.683	-3.31310
2984.5	41.702	-4.33656
2989.5	41.722	-3.67763
2994.5	41.742	-4.58055
2999.5	41.761	-4.22001
3004.5	41.781	-4.08928
3009.5	41.801	-4.09135
3014.5	41.820	-4.83815
3019.5	41.840	-4.04216
3024.5	41.860	-4.05711
3029.5	41.879	-4.42071
3034.5	41.899	-4.77183
3039.5	41.919	-4.42855
3044.5	41.938	-4.61385
3049.5	41.958	-5.01293
3054.5	41.978	-4.76276
3059.5	41.997	-4.78679
3064.5	42.017	-4.59735
3069.5	42.037	-4.39462
3074.5	42.056	-4.33986
3079.5	42.076	-4.14961
3084.5	42.096	-3.29629
3089.5	42.115	-3.76157
3094.5	42.135	-3.96121
3099.5	42.155	-3.44819
3104.5	42.174	-4.28057
3109.5	42.194	-4.07773
3114.5	42.214	-4.29037
3119.5	42.233	-5.27794
3124.5	42.253	-4.52950
3129.5	42.273	-3.37972
3134.5	42.292	-3.19627
3139.5	42.312	-2.87412
3144.5	42.332	-4.32997
3149.5	42.351	-3.55915
3154.5	42.371	-5.30507
3159.5	42.391	-4.73801
3164.5	42.410	-3.51532
3169.5	42.430	-3.44561
3174.5	42.450	-3.91553
3179.5	42.469	-4.04401
3184.5	42.489	-5.28702
3189.5	42.509	-5.22628
3194.5	42.528	-4.72254
3199.5	42.548	-4.32615
3204.5	42.568	-3.92759
3209.5	42.587	-4.87722
3214.5	42.607	-3.90552
3219.5	42.627	-3.76889
3224.5	42.646	-4.03226
3229.5	42.666	-4.18137
3234.5	42.686	-3.27371
3239.5	42.705	-3.68794
3244.5	42.725	-3.69248
3249.5	42.745	-4.51476
3254.5	42.764	-4.19519
3259.5	42.784	-1.35388
3264.5	42.804	-2.92589
3269.5	42.823	-3.57420
3274.5	42.843	-3.54450
3279.5	42.863	-2.91516
3284.5	42.882	-3.46727
3289.5	42.902	-2.03669
3294.5	42.922	-1.32208
3299.5	42.941	-2.73997
3304.5	42.961	-3.55183
3309.5	42.981	-1.60386
3314.5	43.000	-3.09026
3319.5	43.020	-2.52205
3324.5	43.040	-3.92381
3329.5	43.059	-1.87213
3333.5	43.079	-3.77378
3337.5	43.099	-3.90111
3341.5	43.118	-4.58332
3345.5	43.138	-4.68875
3349.5	43.158	-4.30769
3353.5	43.178	-4.10763
3357.5	43.197	-3.86791
3361.5	43.217	-3.71870
3365.5	43.237	-4.72638
3369.5	43.256	-4.63195
3373.5	43.276	-5.09341
3377.5	43.296	-2.79930
3381.5	43.316	-4.25755
3385.5	43.335	-4.58695
3389.5	43.355	-5.08302
3393.5	43.375	-4.04235
3397.5	43.394	-3.82130
3401.5	43.414	-3.70790
3405.5	43.434	-4.18400
3409.5	43.453	-4.55446
3413.5	43.473	-4.41009
3417.5	43.493	-2.79365
3421.5	43.513	-3.64787
3425.5	43.532	-2.59933
3429.5	43.552	-4.14838
3433.5	43.572	-3.61862
3437.5	43.591	-4.37791
3441.5	43.611	-4.55134
3445.5	43.631	-4.52117
3449.5	43.651	-4.63326
3453.5	43.670	-4.04881
3457.5	43.690	-3.69640
3461.5	43.710	-3.60197
3465.5	43.729	-2.23886
3469.5	43.749	-3.37759
3473.5	43.769	-4.19066
3477.5	43.789	-4.07171
3481.5	43.808	-3.63456
3485.5	43.828	-3.76733
3489.5	43.848	-3.92118
3493.5	43.867	-3.13526
3497.5	43.887	-4.06697
3501.5	43.907	-4.24463
3505.5	43.926	-4.71901
3509.5	43.946	-2.34691
3513.5	43.966	-3.41684
3517.5	43.986	-4.15898
3521.5	44.005	-4.40858
3525.5	44.025	-3.74745
3529.5	44.045	-1.41217
3533.5	44.064	-3.38254
3537.5	44.084	-3.26702
3541.5	44.104	-3.24916
3545.5	44.124	-3.14615
3549.5	44.143	-3.31696
3553.5	44.163	-3.25986
3557.5	44.183	-3.62004
3560.0	44.203	-3.48027
3562.5	44.222	-3.63439
3565.0	44.242	-4.21313
3567.5	44.262	-4.45419
3570.0	44.282	-3.89745
3572.5	44.302	-4.06666
3575.0	44.321	-3.90755
3577.5	44.341	-3.63609
3580.0	44.361	-2.26518
3582.5	44.381	-3.90510
3585.0	44.401	-2.93565
3587.5	44.420	-3.87641
3590.0	44.440	-3.50302
3592.5	44.460	-3.59421
3595.0	44.480	-3.77830
3597.5	44.500	-3.58018
3600.0	44.519	-3.92806
3602.5	44.539	-2.53133
3605.0	44.559	-2.35510
3607.5	44.579	-3.53607
3610.0	44.599	-3.51917
3612.5	44.618	-3.29363
3615.0	44.638	-3.24537
3617.5	44.658	-3.17597
3620.0	44.678	-2.91684
3622.5	44.698	-3.21781
3625.0	44.718	-3.58783
3627.5	44.737	-3.56690
3630.0	44.757	-3.16034
3632.5	44.777	-2.40538
3635.0	44.797	-2.77866
3637.5	44.817	-2.79078
3640.0	44.836	-2.60201
3642.5	44.856	-2.63719
3645.0	44.876	-2.97785
3647.5	44.896	-3.56116
3650.0	44.916	-3.31244
3652.5	44.935	-3.10390
3655.0	44.955	-2.82043
3657.5	44.975	-3.64640
3660.0	44.995	-3.43659
3662.5	45.015	-3.28247
3665.0	45.034	-2.61753
3667.5	45.054	-3.10890
3670.0	45.074	-2.97540
3672.5	45.094	-2.93246
3675.0	45.114	-2.40113
3677.5	45.134	-2.56587
3680.0	45.153	-2.65197
3682.5	45.173	-3.15875
3685.0	45.193	-2.13509
3687.5	45.213	-2.41484
3690.0	45.233	-2.29292
3692.5	45.252	-2.47702
3695.0	45.272	-2.55184
3697.5	45.292	-2.68768
3700.0	45.312	-2.33470
3702.5	45.332	-2.36796
3705.0	45.351	-2.23989
3707.5	45.371	-2.46107
3710.0	45.391	-3.38429
3712.5	45.411	-3.26578
3715.0	45.431	-3.93922
3717.5	45.450	-3.39805
3720.0	45.470	-3.85661
3722.5	45.490	-1.23232
3725.0	45.510	-2.07449
3727.5	45.530	-2.39064
3730.0	45.549	-1.62382
3732.5	45.569	-2.70914
3735.0	45.589	-1.49062
3737.5	45.609	-2.85862
3740.0	45.629	-3.80102
3742.5	45.649	-0.52613
3745.0	45.668	-1.63314
3747.5	45.688	-1.19802
3750.0	45.708	-0.53000
3752.5	45.728	-1.76561
3755.0	45.748	-3.27684
3757.5	45.767	-2.49988
3760.0	45.787	-2.88984
3762.5	45.807	-0.16205
3764.4	45.852	-2.62085
3764.9	45.886	-1.71703
3765.4	45.920	-2.61414
3765.9	45.954	-2.77220
3766.4	45.988	-2.74436
3766.9	46.022	-0.80039
3767.4	46.055	0.75549
3767.9	46.089	-2.10232
3768.4	46.123	-2.11423
3768.9	46.157	-0.53812
3769.4	46.191	-1.30851
3769.9	46.225	-1.66257
3770.4	46.259	-0.60639
3770.9	46.293	-2.38911
3771.4	46.327	-2.09091
3771.9	46.361	-1.07527
3772.4	46.394	-0.81451
3772.9	46.428	-0.34483
3773.4	46.462	-0.14713
3773.9	46.496	-1.83054
3774.4	46.530	-2.01583
3774.9	46.564	-1.20230
3775.4	46.598	-0.32230
3775.9	46.632	-0.50469
3776.4	46.666	-0.78117
3776.9	46.699	0.46420
3777.4	46.733	-0.34903
3777.9	46.767	0.05568
3778.4	46.801	0.35539
3778.9	46.835	0.15929
3779.4	46.869	-1.11451
3779.9	46.903	-1.09469
3780.4	46.937	0.24908
3780.9	46.971	1.06972
3781.4	47.005	0.56740
3781.9	47.038	-1.07357
3782.4	47.072	-0.27836
3782.9	47.106	-1.13113
3783.4	47.140	-1.71903
3783.9	47.162	-2.15898
3784.4	47.184	-1.88340
3784.9	47.206	-1.75627
3785.4	47.228	-0.32150
3785.9	47.250	0.40974
3786.4	47.272	0.55679
3786.9	47.295	-0.18747
3787.4	47.317	-0.44363
3787.9	47.339	-1.04314
3788.4	47.361	-1.85026
3788.9	47.383	-1.54215
3789.4	47.405	-1.80011
3789.9	47.427	-0.77169
3790.4	47.449	-1.97839
3790.9	47.471	-2.28551
3791.4	47.493	-2.94998
3791.9	47.515	-2.77491
3792.4	47.537	-1.81995
3792.9	47.559	-1.52750
3793.4	47.581	-1.95772
3793.9	47.603	-1.50168
3794.4	47.625	-1.33980
3794.9	47.648	-0.74018
3795.4	47.670	-1.47661
3795.9	47.692	-1.60199
3796.4	47.714	-1.35683
3796.9	47.736	-0.82885
3797.4	47.758	-1.68431
3797.9	47.780	-1.71277
3798.4	47.802	-1.87973
3798.9	47.824	-1.03380
3799.4	47.846	-1.04544
3799.9	47.868	-2.01443
3800.4	47.890	-1.35345
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