# Northeastern United States Temperature and Latitudinal Temperature Gradient Data over the past 19,000 Years #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38479 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-38479.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/4vat-g830 # # Science_Keywords: Air Temperature Reconstruction, North Atlantic Oscillation, centennial resolution #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/shuman2023/shuman2023-tjja_regions_interp.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; TJJA Regions Interpretation Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-09-14 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-11-24 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Northeastern United States Temperature and Latitudinal Temperature Gradient Data over the past 19,000 Years #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Shuman, Bryan #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Pollen-inferred winter and summer air temperatures from the Holocene for 34 sites in the northeast U.S. The data formed the basis of an analysis of latitudinal temperature gradients and their millennial-scale changes during the Holocene. # Provided Keywords: latitudinal temperature gradients, Holocene #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Bryan N. Shuman, Ioana C. Stefanescu, Laurie D. Grigg, David R. Foster, and W. Wyatt Oswald # Published_Date_or_Year: 2023-10-28 # Published_Title: A Millennial-Scale Oscillation in Latitudinal Temperature Gradients along the Western North Atlantic during the Mid-Holocene # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 50 # Edition: # Issue: 20 # Pages: # Report_Number: e2022GL102556 # DOI: 10.1029/2022GL102556 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Changes in vegetation in North America indicate Holocene shifts in the latitudinal temperature gradient along the western margin of the North Atlantic. Tree taxa such as oak (Quercus) and birch (Betula) experienced opposing directions of change across different latitudes consistent with changes in temperature gradient steepeness. Pollen-inferred temperatures from 34 sites quantify the gradient changes and reconstruct a long-term northward steepening in summer and southward steepening in winter. From 4.8-3.8 ka, an oscillation in tree distributions interrupted the long-term trends as a steep temperature gradient developed north of 43.5°N. The shift likely limited cold outbreaks to the south, producing anomalously high summer temperatures at 42-43.5°N, and enabling a northward expansion of oak forests. The forest and temperature gradient changes appear consistent with orbital and ice sheet forcing as well as millennial variability in the North Atlantic pressure field analogous to the North Atlantic Oscillation on interannual time scales. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: DEB-1856047, LTER-1832210 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: New England # Location: United States # Northernmost_Latitude: 44.3604 # Southernmost_Latitude: 41.0389 # Easternmost_Longitude: -70.2083 # Westernmost_Longitude: -76.35 # Elevation_m: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: tjja_regions_interp # First_Year: 12500 # Last_Year: 0 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: air temperature # Notes: summer latitudinal temperature gradient reconstructions #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## ages.i age,,,calendar year before present,,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,linear interpolation from sample ages ## Central air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,Mean of central sites from approximately 42-43.5 degrees N latitude ## South air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,Mean of southern sites from south of approximately 42 degrees N latitude ## North air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,Mean of northern sites from north of approximately 43.5 degrees N latitude ## C-N air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,represents latitudinal temperature gradient steepness north of 42.75 degrees N; mean difference between regions ## S-C air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,represents latitudinal temperature gradient steepness south of 42.75 degrees N; mean difference between regions ## S-N air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,,,N,represents latitudinal temperature gradient steepness across New England; mean difference between regions ## GradientDifference air temperature,,,degree Celsius,Jun-Aug,climate reconstructions; pollen,differenced,,N,metric of where temperature gradient is steepest; C-N temperature difference minus S-C temperature difference #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA ages.i Central South North C-N S-C S-N GradientDifference 0 18.37415427 20.16972397 16.13386637 2.2402879 1.79557 4.035858 0.444718 50 18.18866958 19.95097863 15.85471578 2.33395381 1.762309 4.096263 0.571645 100 18.37599186 19.91066474 15.76695507 2.60903679 1.534673 4.14371 1.074364 150 18.37876463 20.06595191 16.11032343 2.26844121 1.687187 3.955628 0.581254 200 18.35833988 20.11118506 16.17797447 2.18036541 1.752845 3.933211 0.42752 250 18.34125543 20.16473017 16.22149409 2.11976134 1.823475 3.943236 0.296287 300 18.33703363 20.13498852 16.24250109 2.09453254 1.797955 3.892487 0.296578 350 18.31271602 20.21418823 16.24309013 2.0696259 1.901472 3.971098 0.168154 400 18.30700634 20.21470043 16.23538537 2.07162097 1.907694 3.979315 0.163927 450 18.31083034 20.16528538 16.26639216 2.04443818 1.854455 3.898893 0.189983 500 18.32413733 20.12994054 16.32501152 1.99912581 1.805803 3.804929 0.193323 550 18.41498007 20.10944924 16.41712254 1.99785754 1.694469 3.692327 0.303388 600 18.39131911 20.09059511 16.50380707 1.88751204 1.699276 3.586788 0.188236 650 18.37602084 20.1539868 16.5036943 1.87232654 1.777966 3.650293 0.094361 700 18.38822899 20.21126847 16.48472586 1.90350314 1.823039 3.726543 0.080464 750 18.38959369 20.21170081 16.4688169 1.92077679 1.822107 3.742884 0.09867 800 18.33475914 20.27728333 16.44949669 1.88526245 1.942524 3.827787 -0.05726 850 18.29917999 20.26871883 16.42419717 1.87498282 1.969539 3.844522 -0.09456 900 18.29669531 20.22777644 16.41172079 1.88497452 1.931081 3.816056 -0.04611 950 18.29421063 20.19449889 16.413551 1.88065963 1.900288 3.780948 -0.01963 1000 18.32498397 20.10289936 16.416024 1.90895996 1.777915 3.686875 0.131045 1050 18.34748505 20.0762741 16.42624457 1.92124048 1.728789 3.65003 0.192451 1100 18.36119363 19.97888133 16.41166585 1.94952777 1.617688 3.567215 0.33184 1150 18.33650289 20.06580828 16.38819263 1.94831026 1.729305 3.677616 0.219005 1200 18.30153597 20.20959009 16.40513614 1.89639983 1.908054 3.804454 -0.01165 1250 18.26555272 20.16538096 16.44694756 1.81860516 1.899828 3.718433 -0.08122 1300 18.24473788 20.09868585 16.51216683 1.73257105 1.853948 3.586519 -0.12138 1350 18.26409386 20.12691875 16.62498198 1.63911188 1.862825 3.501937 -0.22371 1400 18.30706312 20.16260001 16.65780838 1.64925474 1.855537 3.504792 -0.20628 1450 18.3695596 20.20831267 16.68480681 1.68475279 1.838753 3.523506 -0.154 1500 18.36269521 20.20872274 16.78785112 1.57484409 1.846028 3.420872 -0.27118 1550 18.34931555 20.23383034 16.84626769 1.50304786 1.884515 3.387563 -0.38147 1600 18.34216702 20.22299205 16.84373727 1.49842975 1.880825 3.379255 -0.3824 1650 18.36728591 20.17938147 16.83774955 1.52953637 1.812096 3.341632 -0.28256 1700 18.3869182 20.20982398 16.91848321 1.46843499 1.822906 3.291341 -0.35447 1750 18.40571716 20.20256524 16.98558476 1.42013241 1.796848 3.21698 -0.37672 1800 18.40935429 20.18768203 17.0002852 1.4090691 1.778328 3.187397 -0.36926 1850 18.42208485 20.15456309 16.98139382 1.44069103 1.732478 3.173169 -0.29179 1900 18.41929562 20.16934129 16.95064462 1.468651 1.750046 3.218697 -0.28139 1950 18.41855081 20.18907133 16.95562471 1.46292611 1.770521 3.233447 -0.30759 2000 18.43141405 20.24130601 16.96831221 1.46310185 1.809892 3.272994 -0.34679 2050 18.45273424 20.19551564 17.0259656 1.42676863 1.742781 3.16955 -0.31601 2100 18.48508975 20.16919376 17.03243506 1.4526547 1.684104 3.136759 -0.23145 2150 18.5084885 20.18258628 17.03766977 1.47081873 1.674098 3.144917 -0.20328 2200 18.50803719 20.14416157 17.0529776 1.45505958 1.636124 3.091184 -0.18106 2250 18.5017078 20.1470705 17.06641488 1.43529292 1.645363 3.080656 -0.21007 2300 18.49761445 20.13941394 17.07401233 1.42360212 1.641799 3.065402 -0.2182 2350 18.49827727 20.13011282 17.08151877 1.4167585 1.631836 3.048594 -0.21508 2400 18.50666591 20.16461582 17.08762321 1.4190427 1.65795 3.076993 -0.23891 2450 18.49416461 20.23006143 17.06966664 1.42449797 1.735897 3.160395 -0.3114 2500 18.47874415 20.28478572 17.04392694 1.43481722 1.806042 3.240859 -0.37122 2550 18.45202533 20.25648021 17.02583238 1.42619295 1.804455 3.230648 -0.37826 2600 18.43838399 20.31273557 17.01570696 1.42267704 1.874352 3.297029 -0.45167 2650 18.42890476 20.32757977 17.03894476 1.38996 1.898675 3.288635 -0.50872 2700 18.43438305 20.31608242 17.05407271 1.38031034 1.881699 3.26201 -0.50139 2750 18.4384412 20.34497724 17.06196005 1.37648115 1.906536 3.283017 -0.53005 2800 18.4415111 20.36554897 17.07574621 1.36576489 1.924038 3.289803 -0.55827 2850 18.44357391 20.38866982 17.10987198 1.33370193 1.945096 3.278798 -0.61139 2900 18.45375193 20.40958138 17.04277499 1.41097694 1.955829 3.366806 -0.54485 2950 18.47860488 20.40894127 17.07057643 1.40802844 1.930336 3.338365 -0.52231 3000 18.52035022 20.41445044 17.11556159 1.40478863 1.8941 3.298889 -0.48931 3050 18.56135127 20.39661783 17.09172455 1.46962672 1.835267 3.304893 -0.36564 3100 18.59273072 20.4082973 17.06064811 1.53208261 1.815567 3.347649 -0.28348 3150 18.60446975 20.43028247 17.03285727 1.57161248 1.825813 3.397425 -0.2542 3200 18.59654055 20.43028298 17.05720469 1.53933587 1.833742 3.373078 -0.29441 3250 18.59723932 20.41010796 17.08466209 1.51257724 1.812869 3.325446 -0.30029 3300 18.61139209 20.3717853 17.0988466 1.51254549 1.760393 3.272939 -0.24785 3350 18.64470526 20.37896014 17.10960121 1.53510405 1.734255 3.269359 -0.19915 3400 18.67562286 20.32684296 17.09263155 1.58299131 1.65122 3.234211 -0.06823 3450 18.72579898 20.25964417 17.0566271 1.66917188 1.533845 3.203017 0.135327 3500 18.77806079 20.38155093 16.97826862 1.79979217 1.60349 3.403282 0.196302 3550 18.81156524 20.41966755 16.91678517 1.89478007 1.608102 3.502882 0.286678 3600 18.81498212 20.41164369 16.9374123 1.87756983 1.596662 3.474231 0.280908 3650 18.82488025 20.39135817 16.99983396 1.82504629 1.566478 3.391524 0.258568 3700 18.88551649 20.40104565 17.03757504 1.84794145 1.515529 3.363471 0.332412 3750 18.96012331 20.50943403 17.043824 1.91629931 1.549311 3.46561 0.366989 3800 19.03047909 20.53343149 16.99680555 2.03367354 1.502952 3.536626 0.530721 3850 19.08572002 20.53391791 16.95691575 2.12880426 1.448198 3.577002 0.680606 3900 19.09112411 20.51595017 16.98293909 2.10818502 1.424826 3.533011 0.683359 3950 19.13663772 20.5319978 17.00803767 2.12860005 1.39536 3.52396 0.73324 4000 19.1427756 20.55841872 17.04239076 2.10038484 1.415643 3.516028 0.684742 4050 19.12690306 20.59088852 17.08481443 2.04208863 1.463985 3.506074 0.578103 4100 19.12238199 20.61406095 17.07824545 2.04413654 1.491679 3.535816 0.552458 4150 19.11786091 20.62675893 17.03713954 2.08072137 1.508898 3.589619 0.571823 4200 19.11586631 20.59696932 17.00039988 2.11546643 1.481103 3.596569 0.634363 4250 19.14400801 20.5258001 16.99015648 2.15385154 1.381792 3.535644 0.772059 4300 19.17523438 20.56840714 17.00409671 2.17113767 1.393173 3.56431 0.777965 4350 19.21187257 20.55409712 17.05192834 2.15994424 1.342225 3.502169 0.81772 4400 19.23843392 20.58438833 17.05473486 2.18369906 1.345954 3.529653 0.837745 4450 19.22842283 20.6019035 17.03818589 2.19023694 1.373481 3.563718 0.816756 4500 19.22415554 20.63931316 17.03389232 2.19026322 1.415158 3.605421 0.775106 4550 19.25180021 20.62985806 17.02147057 2.23032964 1.378058 3.608387 0.852272 4600 19.23981279 20.58654577 17.03343458 2.20637821 1.346733 3.553111 0.859645 4650 19.23045975 20.54552191 17.06660256 2.16385719 1.315062 3.478919 0.848795 4700 19.22781378 20.54751451 17.09785883 2.12995495 1.319701 3.449656 0.810254 4750 19.1055435 20.52716306 17.09340811 2.01213539 1.42162 3.433755 0.590516 4800 18.92204831 20.60063231 17.09394074 1.82810757 1.678584 3.506692 0.149524 4850 18.81087107 20.62593139 17.12183285 1.68903823 1.81506 3.504099 -0.12602 4900 18.77892806 20.68451595 17.15032651 1.62860154 1.905588 3.534189 -0.27699 4950 18.75769342 20.67350679 17.14286539 1.61482803 1.915813 3.530641 -0.30099 5000 18.67887289 20.68986317 17.14249958 1.53637331 2.01099 3.547364 -0.47462 5050 18.62207695 20.69624167 17.14500814 1.47706881 2.074165 3.551234 -0.5971 5100 18.6164464 20.70315222 17.12883229 1.4876141 2.086706 3.57432 -0.59909 5150 18.61466664 20.69524227 17.11495324 1.4997134 2.080576 3.580289 -0.58086 5200 18.61349305 20.70282834 17.10972117 1.50377187 2.089335 3.593107 -0.58556 5250 18.61406544 20.66586982 17.11256024 1.5015052 2.051804 3.55331 -0.5503 5300 18.64230092 20.67563566 17.11840241 1.52389852 2.033335 3.557233 -0.50944 5350 18.65012049 20.65175488 17.12641556 1.52370493 2.001634 3.525339 -0.47793 5400 18.66102098 20.62142992 17.13299655 1.52802442 1.960409 3.488433 -0.43238 5450 18.65777499 20.61852593 17.16473814 1.49303685 1.960751 3.453788 -0.46771 5500 18.65842446 20.63494564 17.21261005 1.44581441 1.976521 3.422336 -0.53071 5550 18.64712233 20.62074292 17.26451205 1.38261027 1.973621 3.356231 -0.59101 5600 18.63405094 20.61367016 17.31656635 1.31748459 1.979619 3.297104 -0.66213 5650 18.6242182 20.67149537 17.36977942 1.25443878 2.047277 3.301716 -0.79284 5700 18.60164262 20.64925936 17.39119531 1.21044731 2.047617 3.258064 -0.83717 5750 18.60330506 20.60004291 17.39784927 1.2054558 1.996738 3.202194 -0.79128 5800 18.60565552 20.58218986 17.41910606 1.18654947 1.976534 3.163084 -0.78998 5850 18.59583733 20.60443252 17.45804951 1.13778782 2.008595 3.146383 -0.87081 5900 18.58399264 20.58652194 17.51853106 1.06546158 2.002529 3.067991 -0.93707 5950 18.58947377 20.558787 17.55178338 1.03769039 1.969313 3.007004 -0.93162 6000 18.59327606 20.57773463 17.57382982 1.01944624 1.984459 3.003905 -0.96501 6050 18.59052943 20.60625539 17.58293481 1.00759463 2.015726 3.023321 -1.00813 6100 18.59063694 20.56175572 17.5989829 0.99165404 1.971119 2.962773 -0.97946 6150 18.58030064 20.50574316 17.61156479 0.96873584 1.925443 2.894178 -0.95671 6200 18.55333338 20.52750254 17.62284037 0.93049301 1.974169 2.904662 -1.04368 6250 18.50593054 20.52777105 17.66545703 0.84047351 2.021841 2.862314 -1.18137 6300 18.45917738 20.50025241 17.69368282 0.76549457 2.041075 2.80657 -1.27558 6350 18.45394651 20.50035812 17.71402763 0.73991888 2.046412 2.78633 -1.30649 6400 18.4696194 20.51185249 17.67415201 0.79546739 2.042233 2.8377 -1.24677 6450 18.49820229 20.47899256 17.69334808 0.80485421 1.98079 2.785644 -1.17594 6500 18.51347125 20.44681327 17.71652303 0.79694822 1.933342 2.73029 -1.13639 6550 18.52923783 20.43095779 17.73639411 0.79284372 1.90172 2.694564 -1.10888 6600 18.54691405 20.41448709 17.7384098 0.80850425 1.867573 2.676077 -1.05907 6650 18.56250205 20.40952283 17.73901086 0.82349119 1.847021 2.670512 -1.02353 6700 18.58418551 20.41130298 17.75058184 0.83360367 1.827117 2.660721 -0.99351 6750 18.61413315 20.42142706 17.74833375 0.8657994 1.807294 2.673093 -0.94149 6800 18.62089571 20.40538939 17.73523174 0.88566397 1.784494 2.670158 -0.89883 6850 18.6036076 20.35149399 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