# Northeastern and North Central United States Air Temperature Reconstruction during the last 30 ka
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------            
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder            
#                                  and            
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program            
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)            
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------            
# Template Version 3.0            
# Encoding: UTF-8            
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data.             
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed.
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/31097
#     Online_Resource_Description:  NOAA Landing Page
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/27330
#     Online_Resource_Description:  NOAA Landing Page for Temperature-12k Database
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/climate12k/temperature/version1.0.0/Temp12k_directory_NOAA_files/Steel.Shuman.2016.txt
#     Online_Resource_Description:  NOAA location of the template
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/reconstructions/climate12k/temperature/version1.0.0/Temp12k_directory_LiPD_files/Steel.Shuman.2016.lpd
#     Online_Resource_Description:  Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) formatted file containing metadata and data related to this file, for version 1.0.0 of this dataset.
#
# Original_Source_URL: 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions
# Parameter_Keywords: air temperature
# Dataset_DOI: 
#
#------------------
# Contribution_Date
#     Date: 2020-04-15
#------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#     Date: 2020-05-16
#------------------
# Title
#     Study_Name: Northeastern and North Central United States Air Temperature Reconstruction during the last 30 ka
#------------------
# Investigators
#     Investigators: Shuman, Bryan N.; Marsicek, Jeremiah
#------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#     Description: This dataset was contributed as part of the Temperature-12k project (https://doi.org/10.25921/4RY2-G808). Data were contributed to the project from the original data generators, who are listed in the Investigator field of this template file. Additional notes regarding the use of these data in the Temperature-12k project can be found in the LiPD file listed as an Online_Resource of this template file. Note added by Temperature-12k authors: chron data missing
#------------------
# Publication
#     Authors: Shuman, Bryan N. and Jeremiah Marsicek
#     Published_Date_or_Year: 2016
#     Published_Title: The structure of Holocene climate change in mid-latitude North America
#     Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#     Volume: 141
#     Edition: 
#     Issue: 
#     Pages: 38-51
#     Report: 
#     DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.009
#     Online_Resource: 
#     Full_Citation: 
#     Abstract: A sequence of long-term and rapid changes during the Holocene appears in a network of 40 well-resolved paleoclimate datasets from mid-latitude North America, including records of pollen-inferred temperatures, alkenone-derived sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), lake-level changes, dust accumulation, and lake isotopes from Idaho to Maine. Statistical analyses reveal that changes in insolation and the Laurentide Ice Sheet explain 51.7% of the variance in the records, especially multi-millennial trends, but peak rates of change indicate additional rapid changes at ca. 10.8, 9.4, 8.3, 7.0, 5.5–5.2, 4.7, 2.1, and 0.9 ka. Step changes between 9.4 and 8.3 ka relate to ice sheet dynamics that warmed much of the region, and changes at 5.5 ka were the largest since the demise of the ice sheet. The shift at 5.5 ka initiated widespread cooling and increases in effective moisture, which culminated in the coolest, wettest millennia in most areas after 2.1 ka. Replicated evidence from multiple records also shows a spatially-varied set of multi-century fluctuations including 1) low temperatures and high effective moisture at 5.5–4.8 ka in the mid-continent and 2) repeated phases of low SSTs, cool summers, and drought superimposed upon long cooling, moistening trends in eastern North American since 5.5 ka.
#------------------
# Publication 
#     Authors: Kaufman, D., N. McKay, C. Routson, M. Erb, B. Davis, O. Heiri, S. Jaccard, J. Tierney, C. Dätwyler, Y. Axford, T. Brussel, O. Cartapanis, B. Chase, A. Dawson, A. de Vernal, S. Engels, L. Jonkers, J. Marsicek, P. Moffa-Sánchez, C. Morrill, A. Orsi, K. Rehfeld, K. Saunders, P. S. Sommer, E. Thomas, M. Tonello, M. Tóth, R. Vachula, A. Andreev, S. Bertrand, B. Biskaborn, M. Bringué, S. Brooks, M. Caniupán, M. Chevalier, L. Cwynar, J. Emile-Geay, J. Fegyveresi, A. Feurdean, W. Finsinger, M-C. Fortin, L. Foster, M. Fox, K. Gajewski, M. Grosjean, S. Hausmann, M. Heinrichs, N. Holmes, B. Ilyashuk, E. Ilyashuk, S. Juggins, D. Khider, K. Koinig, P. Langdon, I. Larocque-Tobler, J. Li, A. Lotter, T. Luoto, A. Mackay, E. Magyari, S. Malevich, B. Mark, J. Massaferro, V. Montade, L. Nazarova, E. Novenko, P. Paril, E. Pearson, M. Peros, R. Pienitz, M. Plóciennik, D. Porinchu, A. Potito, A. Rees, S. Reinemann, S. Roberts, N. Rolland, S. Salonen, A. Self, H. Seppä, S. Shala, J-M. St-Jacques, B. Stenni, L. Syrykh, P. Tarrats, K. Taylor, V. van den Bos, G. Velle, E. Wahl, I. Walker, J. Wilmshurst, E. Zhang, S. Zhilich
#     Published_Date_or_Year: 2020-04-14
#     Published_Title: A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records
#     Journal_Name: Scientific Data
#     Volume: 7
#     Edition: 115
#     Issue: 
#     Pages:
#     Report_Number: 
#     DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0445-3 
#     Online_Resource: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-0445-3
#     Full_Citation: 
#     Abstract: A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency
#     Funding_Agency_Name: 
#     Grant: 
#------------------
# Site_Information
#     Site_Name: Steel Lake
#     Location: North America>United States Of America>Minnesota
#     Country: 
#     Northernmost_Latitude: 46.97
#     Southernmost_Latitude: 46.97
#     Easternmost_Longitude: -94.68
#     Westernmost_Longitude: -94.68
#     Elevation: 415
#------------------
# Data_Collection
#     Collection_Name: Steel.Shuman.2016
#     Earliest_Year: 12300.0
#     Most_Recent_Year: -50.98
#     Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#     Core_Length: 
#     Notes: 
#------------------
# Species
#     Species_Name: 
#     Species_Code: 
#     Common_Name: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#     Chronology:
# age_type	age	SD	depth	thickness	
# 14C	340.0	40.0	83.7	2.0	
# 14C	780.0	50.0	111.0	2.0	
# 14C	1700.0	120.0	230.0	2.0	
# 14C	1880.0	40.0	252.0	2.0	
# 14C	1850.0	60.0	256.0	2.0	
# 14C	2160.0	50.0	292.0	2.0	
# 14C	2490.0	100.0	311.5	2.0	
# 14C	2680.0	90.0	328.6	2.0	
# 14C	2920.0	90.0	348.0	2.0	
# 14C	4100.0	90.0	456.0	2.0	
# 14C	4290.0	40.0	486.0	2.0	
# 14C	4510.0	100.0	486.0	2.0	
# 14C	4840.0	210.0	532.0	2.0	
# 14C	5280.0	40.0	572.5	2.0	
# 14C	5830.0	40.0	641.8	2.0	
# 14C	6170.0	50.0	653.0	2.0	
# 14C	6890.0	90.0	698.0	2.0	
# 14C	7210.0	60.0	788.0	2.0	
# 14C	7240.0	60.0	790.0	2.0	
# 14C	8580.0	130.0	883.0	2.0	
# 14C	8750.0	80.0	908.0	2.0	
# 14C	9470.0	250.0	922.0	2.0	
# 14C	9420.0	140.0	930.0	2.0	
# 14C	9620.0	190.0	933.0	2.0	
# 14C	9860.0	50.0	946.0	2.0	
# 14C	9790.0	210.0	946.0	2.0	
# 14C	10430.0	40.0	1019.6	2.0	
# 14C	9870.0	60.0	1090.3	2.0	
# 14C	10010.0	40.0	1129.3	2.0	
# 14C	9960.0	50.0	1142.4	2.0	
#------------------
# Variables        
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.        
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age	age,,,calendar year before present,,pollen;climate reconstructions,,,N,
## depth	depth,,,centimeter,,pollen;climate reconstructions,,,N,
## temperature	surface air temperature,,,degree Celsius,warmest month,pollen;climate reconstructions,,modern analogue technique,N,
## temperature-1	surface air temperature,,,degree Celsius,coldest month,pollen;climate reconstructions,,modern analogue technique,N,
## temperature-2	surface air temperature,,,degree Celsius,annual,pollen;climate reconstructions,,modern analogue technique,N,
#
#------------------
# Data:        
# Data lines follow (have no #)        
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: nan
#
age	depth	temperature	temperature-1	temperature-2	
-50.98	0.0	19.17142857	-12.14285714	0.388971429	
-21.11	10.0	19.0	-13.37142857	-0.396742856	
46.3	30.0	18.87142857	-14.44285714	-1.061028571	
123.79	50.0	18.72857143	-13.2	-0.582457141	
211.11	70.0	18.54285714	-11.72857143	-0.032457146	
308.0	90.0	18.62857143	-12.41428571	-0.289599996	
470.9	120.0	18.5	-12.55714286	-0.489600001	
529.5	130.0	19.74285714	-14.17142857	-0.053885716	
589.4	140.0	20.1	-13.11428571	0.831828574	
650.6	150.0	19.01428571	-13.14285714	-0.268171431	
713.5	160.0	18.37142857	-12.72857143	-0.703885716	
845.2	180.0	19.21428571	-13.05714286	-0.025314291	
950.0	195.0	19.72857143	-13.51428571	0.260400004	
1061.0	210.0	19.47142857	-13.58571429	-0.032457146	
1178.9	225.0	18.88571429	-13.31428571	-0.482457136	
1304.5	240.0	19.81428571	-13.07142857	0.567542854	
1393.0	250.0	19.4	-13.82857143	-0.225314286	
1485.5	260.0	19.07142857	-13.1	-0.189600001	
1630.5	275.0	20.04285714	-13.88571429	0.388971424	
1772.6	290.0	20.1	-13.65714286	0.560399999	
1937.3	305.0	20.47142857	-13.44285714	1.038971429	
1995.2	310.0	20.1	-13.1	0.838971429	
2114.0	320.0	20.1	-13.11428571	0.831828574	
2236.6	330.0	20.1	-13.11428571	0.831828574	
2299.5	335.0	20.54285714	-13.24285714	1.210399999	
2364.0	340.0	19.9	-12.97142857	0.703257144	
2497.4	350.0	20.04285714	-12.88571429	0.888971424	
2634.4	360.0	20.47142857	-13.44285714	1.038971429	
2772.5	370.0	20.64285714	-11.47142857	2.196114284	
2841.7	375.0	19.08571429	-13.02857143	-0.139599996	
2911.2	380.0	20.62857143	-12.64285714	1.596114289	
3051.0	390.0	20.44285714	-13.58571429	0.938971424	
3191.5	400.0	20.81428571	-13.44285714	1.381828569	
3262.0	405.0	20.92857143	-13.45714286	1.488971429	
3473.9	420.0	21.07142857	-11.32857143	2.696114284	
3756.1	440.0	21.12857143	-12.22857143	2.303257144	
3840.4	446.0	20.94285714	-11.47142857	2.496114284	
3966.0	455.0	20.94285714	-11.47142857	2.496114284	
4035.9	460.0	21.12857143	-12.22857143	2.303257144	
4105.0	465.0	20.95714286	-10.98571429	2.753257144	
4174.3	470.0	21.05714286	-12.44285714	2.124685719	
4243.0	475.0	21.6	-11.25714286	3.260399999	
4311.0	480.0	21.18571429	-11.41428571	2.767542864	
4446.5	490.0	21.37142857	-9.742857143	3.788971427	
4580.0	500.0	20.9	-12.88571429	1.746114284	
4647.5	505.0	21.37142857	-9.742857143	3.788971427	
4715.0	510.0	21.55714286	-9.914285714	3.888971432	
4849.1	520.0	21.41428571	-10.05714286	3.674685709	
4980.0	530.0	21.47142857	-11.28571429	3.117542854	
5044.8	535.0	21.42857143	-10.41428571	3.510400004	
5096.41	539.0	21.37142857	-7.257142857	5.03182857	
5237.3	550.0	21.35714286	-12.18571429	2.553257144	
5363.8	560.0	21.32857143	-11.98571429	2.624685714	
5488.5	570.0	21.27142857	-12.22857143	2.446114284	
5610.7	580.0	21.61428571	-11.68571429	3.060399994	
5730.2	590.0	21.55714286	-10.82857143	3.431828574	
5847.5	600.0	21.48571429	-11.28571429	3.131828574	
5963.0	610.0	20.98571429	-14.34285714	1.103257149	
6090.0	621.0	21.24285714	-11.17142857	2.946114284	
6192.8	630.0	21.67142857	-11.21428571	3.353257144	
6320.0	641.0	21.01428571	-13.48571429	1.560399994	
6365.9	645.0	21.48571429	-13.5	2.024685719	
6424.0	650.0	20.9	-14.98571429	0.696114284	
6542.2	660.0	21.71428571	-11.6	3.203257139	
6723.9	675.0	21.5	-13.44285714	2.067542859	
6798.0	681.0	21.11428571	-12.57142857	2.117542854	
6911.8	690.0	21.75714286	-13.12857143	2.481828574	
7037.7	700.0	21.7	-11.22857143	3.374685714	
7101.1	705.0	21.5	-13.44285714	2.067542859	
7164.9	710.0	20.95714286	-15.0	0.746114289	
7294.5	720.0	21.45714286	-13.85714286	1.817542859	
7427.6	730.0	21.42857143	-13.27142857	2.081828574	
7565.4	740.0	22.0	-12.45714286	3.060399999	
7651.6	746.0	20.8	-15.62857143	0.274685714	
7799.7	756.0	20.88571429	-15.0	0.674685719	
7948.5	766.0	20.68571429	-15.57142857	0.188971434	
8078.63	775.0	20.72857143	-12.92857143	1.553257144	
8092.7	776.0	20.81428571	-14.78571429	0.710399994	
8224.5	786.0	19.14285714	-14.15714286	-0.646742861	
8284.44	791.0	19.08571429	-13.41428571	-0.332457136	
8332.39	795.0	19.58571429	-13.14285714	0.303257149	
8343.95	796.0	20.27142857	-13.55714286	0.781828569	
8400.57	801.0	18.55714286	-13.52857143	-0.918171426	
8457.1	806.0	19.65714286	-14.57142857	-0.339599996	
8570.1	816.0	20.17142857	-14.81428571	0.053257144	
8688.92	826.0	18.78571429	-13.82857143	-0.839599996	
8726.64	829.0	19.42857143	-14.27142857	-0.418171426	
8779.9	833.0	19.85714286	-14.52857143	-0.118171426	
8805.98	835.0	19.62857143	-13.84285714	-0.003885711	
8876.9	840.0	19.51428571	-13.68571429	-0.039600006	
8906.6	842.0	19.14285714	-14.17142857	-0.653885716	
9034.8	850.0	18.42857143	-13.45714286	-1.011028571	
9051.91	851.0	18.41428571	-12.71428571	-0.653885716	
9069.34	852.0	18.41428571	-12.71428571	-0.653885716	
9105.04	854.0	18.57142857	-13.55714286	-0.918171431	
9141.9	856.0	18.34285714	-12.77142857	-0.753885716	
9160.8	857.0	18.41428571	-12.71428571	-0.653885716	
9199.48	859.0	18.78571429	-13.81428571	-0.832457136	
9219.3	860.0	18.15714286	-13.7	-1.403885711	
9259.95	862.0	18.55714286	-13.52857143	-0.918171426	
9301.95	864.0	18.41428571	-12.71428571	-0.653885716	
9323.47	865.0	18.78571429	-13.81428571	-0.832457136	
9390.2	868.0	18.41428571	-12.71428571	-0.653885716	
9436.48	870.0	18.17142857	-13.72857143	-1.403885716	
9507.33	873.0	18.3	-14.64285714	-1.732457141	
9531.3	874.0	18.72857143	-11.88571429	0.074685714	
9555.44	875.0	18.6	-13.01428571	-0.618171426	
9628.9	878.0	18.27142857	-14.15714286	-1.518171431	
9678.82	880.0	18.54285714	-12.97142857	-0.653885716	
9806.72	885.0	18.32857143	-15.35714286	-2.061028571	
9939.22	890.0	18.27142857	-14.15714286	-1.518171431	
10132.62	897.0	18.22857143	-13.78571429	-1.375314286	
10276.5	902.0	18.44285714	-14.45714286	-1.496742861	
10425.3	907.0	18.17142857	-13.72857143	-1.403885716	
10672.89	915.0	18.27142857	-15.34285714	-2.111028571	
10933.11	923.0	18.47142857	-15.08571429	-1.782457146	
11101.9	928.0	18.32857143	-16.7	-2.732457141	
11155.0	951.0	15.74285714	-18.82857143	-6.382457146	
11500.0	990.0	11.95714286	-22.41428571	-11.96102857	
11650.0	1006.0	12.85714286	-21.44285714	-10.57531428	
11800.0	1041.0	12.1	-21.9	-11.56102857	
11950.0	1058.0	11.81428571	-21.52857143	-11.66102858	
12100.0	1086.0	11.88571429	-20.45714286	-11.05388571	
12250.0	1156.0	12.64285714	-22.05714286	-11.09674286	
12300.0	1168.0	11.74285714	-22.81428571	-12.37531429