# Martin Lake, Indiana 2100 Year Stable Isotope and Lithics Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 2.0
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21061
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/indiana/martin2017iso.txt
#
# Original_Source_URL: 
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Paleolimnology
#
# Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, geochemistry  
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2013-01-31
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: Martin Lake, Indiana 2100 Year Stable Isotope and Lithics Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
# 	Investigators: Bird, B.W.; Wilson, J.J.; Gilhooly, W.P. III; Steinman, B.A.; Stamps, L. 
#--------------------
# Description_and_Notes
#	Description: 2100 year record of calcite oxygen and carbon isotopes and %lithics from laminated lake sediments collected in 
#	Martin Lake, Lagrange County, Indiana, USA. 
#	Provided Keywords: North American paleoclimate, Little Ice Age, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Pacific North American mode, Mississippians
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Broxton W. Bird, Jeremy J. Wilson, William P. Gilhooly III, Byron A. Steinman, and Lucas Stamps 
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-01-31
#	Published_Title: Midcontinental Native American population dynamics and late Holocene hydroclimate extremes
#	Journal_Name: Scientific Reports 
#	Volume: 7
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 
#	Pages: 
#	Report_Number: 41628 
#	DOI: 10.1038/srep41628 
#	Online_Resource: 
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Climate's influence on late Pre-Columbian (pre-1492 CE), maize-dependent Native American populations in the midcontinental United States (US) is poorly understood as regional paleoclimate records are sparse and/or provide conflicting perspectives. Here, we reconstruct regional changes in precipitation source and seasonality and local changes in warm-season duration and rainstorm events related to the Pacific North American pattern (PNA) using a 2100-year-long multi-proxy lake-sediment record from the midcontinental US. Wet midcontinental climate reflecting negative PNA-like conditions occurred during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (950-1250 CE) as Native American populations adopted intensive maize agriculture, facilitating population aggregation and the development of urban centers between 1000-1200 CE. Intensifying midcontinental socio-political instability and warfare between 1250-1350 CE corresponded with drier positive PNA-like conditions, culminating in the staggered abandonment of many major Native American river valley settlements and large urban centers between 1350-1450 CE during an especially severe warm-season drought. We hypothesize that this sustained drought interval rendered it difficult to support dense populations and large urban centers in the midcontinental US by destabilizing regional agricultural systems, thereby contributing to the host of socio-political factors that led to population reorganization and migration in the midcontinent and neighboring regions shortly before European contact.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
#	Grant: IUCRG 2471521 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Martin Lake
#	Location: North America>United States Of America>Indiana
#	Country: United States Of America
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 41.564
#	Southernmost_Latitude: 41.564 
#	Easternmost_Longitude: -85.383
#	Westernmost_Longitude: -85.383
#	Elevation: 274 m  
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Martin2017iso
#	Earliest_Year: 2103  
#	Most_Recent_Year: -63
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP 
#	Core_Length: m
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# 
# 14C data		
# 
# Labcode 		UCI
# vcore		Core sampled
# drive		Drive samples
# depth_top		Depth top of sample interval (cm)
# depth_bottom		Depth bottom of sample interval (cm)
# comp_depth		Composite depth (cm)
# mat.dated 		Material dated
# 14C.raw		conventional radiocarbon age, years before 1950AD  
# 14C.raw_err 		radiocarbon age, standard error 
# datemeth  		Dating method
# fxn_mod		Fraction modern
# fxn_mod_err		Fraction error +/-
# D14C		D14C per mil
# D14C_err		D14C per mil error
# mg_C		Sample size for small samples (mg C)
# calib.14C  		Calibrated 14C age
# calib.14C_2sig_lo		Calibrated age, 2-sigma lower confidence bound   
# calib.14C_2sig_up		Calibrated age, 2-sigma upper confidence bound 
# calib_method 		Calibration method
# rejected 		Rejected sample  (yes/no)
# used_in_age_model		Used in age model or not
# 
# Labcode 	core	drive	depth_top	depth_bottom	comp_depth	mat.dated 	14C.raw	14C.raw_err 	datemeth  	fxn_mod	fxn_mod_err	D14C	D14C_err	mg_C	calib.14C  	calib.14C_2sig_lo	calib.14C_2sig_up	calib_method 	rejected 	used_in_age_model
# 132273	D-13	1	16.4	16.6	16.5	Leaf	-1675	15	AMS 14C	1.2324	0.0020	232.4	2.0		-33	-34.17	-32.19	NHZ1	no	yes
# 132275	D-13	1	62.5	63	62.75	Leaf	120	15	AMS 14C	0.9853	0.0017	-14.7	1.7		110	59	144	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 142163	D-13	3	30	31.5	150.75	Charcoal	840	100	AMS 14C	0.9002	0.0108	-99.8	10.8	0.021	780	680	801	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 142162	D-13	4	44	45.5	233.95	Charcoal	1800	90	AMS 14C	0.7996	0.0085	-200.4	8.5	0.027	1730	1614	1824	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132277	D-13	5	64.3	64.3	321.8	Stick	2910	15	AMS 14C	0.6961	0.0012	-303.9	1.2		3040	2970	3079	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 142161	D-13	13	35	36.5	437.75	Charcoal	3860	100	AMS 14C	0.6187	0.0075	-381.3	7.5	0.035	4270	4149	4418	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132276	D-13	14	21.5	21.7	515.6	Leaf	5160	20	AMS 14C	0.5262	0.0012	-473.8	1.2	0.140	5920	5899	5943	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 132274	D-13	14	79	80	573.5	Charcoal	5800	180	AMS 14C	0.4858	0.0108	-514.2	10.8	0.015	6620	6218	6235	intcal13.14c	no	yes
# 
#----------------
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
#
## depth_cm	depth, , , cm, , , Composite depth, ,N
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , Calibrated Years Before 1950 CE, ,N
## d13CcarbVPDB	delta13C, calcite, , per mil VPDB, Annual, Paleolimnology, , ,N 
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta18O, calcite, , per mil VPDB, Annual, Paleolimnology, , ,N 
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_cm	age_calBP	d13CcarbVPDB	d18OcarbVPDB
0.25	-63	-7.1	-9.0
1.25	-61	-6.9	-9.2
2.25	-59	-7.1	-9.0
3.25	-57	-7.0	-8.9
4.25	-55	-7.0	-9.1
5.25	-53	-7.1	-8.9
6.25	-51	-7.1	-9.0
7.25	-49	-6.9	-9.4
8.25	-47	-7.0	-9.4
9.25	-45	-7.2	-9.3
10.25	-43	-6.8	-9.3
11.25	-41	-6.7	-8.9
12.25	-39	-6.8	-9.5
13.25	-37	-6.7	-9.3
14.25	-35	-6.8	-9.4
15.25	-33	-6.7	-9.0
16.25	-31	-7.0	-9.3
17.25	-29	-6.5	-9.3
18.25	-28	-7.1	-9.7
19.25	-27	-6.9	-9.6
20.25	-26	-7.0	-9.3
21.25	-25	-6.8	-9.9
22.25	-23	-7.4	-9.3
23.25	-22	-7.2	-9.3
24.25	-20	-7.2	-9.0
25.25	-18	-7.3	-9.0
26.25	-16	-7.2	-9.9
27.25	-15	-7.4	-9.0
28.25	-13	-7.0	-9.3
29.25	-10	-7.5	-9.9
30.25	-8	-7.7	-9.2
31.25	-6	-8.0	-9.2
32.25	-4	-7.7	-8.9
33.25	-1	-7.5	-9.3
34.25	1	-8.3	-9.5
35.25	4	-7.7	-9.3
36.25	7	-7.9	-9.5
37.25	10	-7.9	-9.6
38.25	13	-8.0	-8.9
39.25	16	-8.0	-9.0
40.25	19	-8.0	-9.2
41.25	22	-7.7	-9.2
42.25	25	-7.7	-8.9
43.25	29	-7.8	-8.9
44.25	32	-2.3	-8.6
45.25	36	-7.8	-8.9
46.25	39	-7.9	-9.1
47.25	43	-7.7	-9.3
48.25	47	-7.7	-9.4
49.25	51	-8.0	-9.9
50.25	55	-7.5	-9.7
51.25	59	-7.7	-9.7
52.25	63	-7.8	-9.8
53.25	67	-7.5	-9.5
54.25	72	-7.8	-10.0
55.25	76	-7.3	-10.1
56.25	81	-7.8	-10.0
57.25	85	-7.5	-9.8
58.25	90	-7.9	-10.3
59.25	94	-7.6	-8.8
60.25	99	-2.0	-8.8
61.25	104	-5.3	-10.2
62.25	109	-6.0	-8.8
63.25	114	-4.9	-9.3
64.25	119	-9.0	-11.9
65.25	124	-10.8	-13.3
66.25	130	-13.2	-16.4
67.25	135	-12.8	-12.6
68.25	140	-19.2	-16.3
69.25	146	-22.6	-17.6
70.25	151	-23.9	-18.5
73.95	173	-9.5	-10.7
74.45	176	-9.3	-8.0
74.95	179	-8.6	-9.5
75.45	182	-10.3	-10.0
75.95	185	-8.1	-9.5
76.45	188	-9.8	-13.5
77.45	194	-9.3	-9.7
77.95	197	-9.6	-11.7
79.45	206	-9.2	-9.5
79.95	209	-8.7	-9.8
80.45	212	-9.0	-8.5
80.95	215	-8.8	-10.3
81.95	222	-8.0	-9.1
82.45	225	-10.2	-9.6
82.95	228	-8.4	-9.1
83.45	232	-10.2	-11.4
83.95	235	-9.2	-9.8
85.45	245	-9.1	-9.1
85.95	248	-10.2	-9.6
86.45	251	-12.4	-10.4
86.95	255	-12.1	-10.3
87.45	258	-13.5	-13.1
87.95	262	-12.2	-10.8
88.45	265	-10.9	-12.8
88.95	268	-14.2	-12.3
89.45	272	-12.5	-10.5
89.95	275	-9.2	-10.5
90.45	279	-13.5	-11.6
90.95	282	-9.4	-9.5
91.45	286	-13.9	-13.3
91.95	289	-15.4	-13.3
92.45	293	-12.3	-12.1
92.95	297	-13.8	-11.6
93.45	300	-10.4	-13.8
93.95	304	-12.0	-11.8
94.45	307	-9.5	-11.6
94.95	311	-12.5	-12.4
95.45	315	-10.2	-12.3
95.95	318	-10.1	-11.2
96.45	322	-10.3	-12.3
96.95	326	-12.8	-11.0
97.95	333	-13.5	-11.7
98.45	337	-12.4	-14.7
99.45	344	-12.2	-12.1
99.95	348	-13.3	-11.4
100.45	352	-11.9	-13.3
100.95	356	-11.5	-11.0
101.45	360	-12.8	-13.0
101.95	363	-13.4	-12.2
102.45	367	-12.9	-12.0
102.95	371	-10.8	-11.5
103.45	375	-11.1	-13.6
103.95	379	-10.0	-11.1
104.95	387	-10.4	-11.1
105.45	391	-11.3	-14.0
106.95	403	-13.4	-12.5
107.45	407	-10.0	-9.3
108.45	415	-7.6	-9.5
110.45	431	-10.2	-12.0
110.95	435	-10.8	-11.2
111.45	439	-9.4	-11.7
113.45	456	-11.4	-11.5
113.95	460	-12.8	-12.3
114.45	464	-15.7	-14.1
115.45	473	-9.4	-11.2
116.45	481	-11.7	-12.2
116.95	485	-13.7	-12.3
117.45	490	-18.1	-14.8
117.95	494	-18.7	-16.4
118.45	498	-14.9	-13.4
118.95	503	-22.5	-14.2
119.45	507	-15.0	-15.3
119.95	511	-22.4	-19.4
120.45	516	-13.9	-15.2
120.95	520	-18.3	-18.2
121.45	524	-17.2	-15.5
122.45	533	-15.0	-15.3
122.95	538	-16.7	-16.2
123.45	542	-12.3	-14.1
123.95	546	-15.7	-15.8
124.45	551	-12.2	-13.7
124.95	555	-11.6	-14.9
125.45	560	-9.5	-11.6
125.95	564	-10.8	-12.6
126.45	569	-10.8	-9.4
127.45	578	-15.4	-16.0
127.95	582	-11.6	-13.5
128.45	587	-9.0	-12.3
129.45	596	-12.2	-14.2
130.45	605	-8.7	-10.3
131.45	615	-8.9	-10.2
132.45	624	-9.2	-10.2
133.45	633	-10.9	-12.4
134.45	643	-10.0	-10.7
135.45	652	-15.2	-13.2
135.75	655	-10.3	-11.2
136.75	664	-10.4	-11.9
137.25	669	-11.5	-10.4
137.75	674	-10.3	-10.9
138.25	679	-14.4	-11.6
138.75	683	-11.8	-14.0
139.25	688	-10.3	-10.5
139.75	693	-8.6	-10.9
140.25	698	-11.8	-13.0
140.75	703	-11.6	-12.8
141.25	708	-15.8	-12.5
141.75	713	-11.5	-12.8
142.25	717	-18.1	-15.8
142.75	722	-11.4	-13.7
143.25	727	-15.7	-12.7
143.75	732	-12.9	-12.7
144.25	737	-18.8	-15.0
144.75	742	-11.8	-13.2
145.25	747	-13.5	-12.2
145.75	752	-10.6	-13.0
146.25	757	-7.5	-12.1
147.25	767	-6.0	-9.3
148.25	777	-9.2	-10.3
149.25	787	-3.6	-8.6
149.75	792	-9.4	-11.8
150.25	797	-11.0	-10.9
150.75	802	-9.9	-10.1
151.25	807	-3.8	-8.4
151.75	812	-6.2	-9.8
152.25	817	-5.6	-9.9
153.25	827	-9.7	-11.4
154.25	838	-6.8	-11.0
154.75	843	-9.7	-10.6
155.25	848	-5.8	-8.9
155.75	853	-11.1	-11.6
156.25	858	-4.9	-7.9
156.75	863	-6.8	-9.5
157.25	868	-9.8	-10.8
157.75	874	-9.9	-10.9
158.25	879	-9.3	-10.0
159.25	889	-8.5	-9.5
159.75	895	-8.7	-10.5
160.25	900	-7.7	-9.0
161.25	910	-7.8	-8.7
162.25	921	-5.3	-7.7
163.25	931	-5.5	-9.9
164.25	942	-5.1	-7.6
165.25	953	-5.9	-8.5
166.25	963	-5.2	-10.7
167.25	974	-5.8	-8.7
168.25	985	-8.3	-10.5
169.25	996	-8.9	-11.2
170.25	1006	-11.3	-13.8
170.75	1012	-12.6	-11.6
171.25	1017	-9.0	-10.5
171.75	1023	-10.8	-11.7
172.25	1028	-16.3	-14.8
172.75	1034	-14.4	-13.7
173.25	1039	-14.2	-14.6
173.75	1045	-16.1	-14.0
174.25	1050	-14.5	-12.9
175.25	1061	-9.7	-11.0
175.75	1067	-10.8	-12.6
176.25	1072	-9.9	-10.5
176.75	1078	-15.3	-15.1
177.25	1083	-11.2	-11.0
177.75	1089	-10.5	-12.0
178.25	1094	-9.8	-11.0
179.25	1105	-8.5	-10.2
180.25	1117	-8.1	-10.6
181.25	1128	-7.3	-9.5
182.25	1139	-5.5	-8.1
183.25	1150	-7.4	-9.3
184.25	1161	-8.4	-9.6
184.75	1167	-9.4	-12.2
185.25	1173	-5.8	-9.4
185.75	1178	-5.3	-11.5
186.25	1184	-4.1	-10.4
187.25	1195	-3.9	-8.6
188.25	1207	-3.3	-8.0
188.75	1213	-8.1	-13.8
189.25	1218	-4.0	-8.6
189.75	1224	-8.4	-12.8
190.25	1230	-6.1	-9.6
190.75	1236	-6.9	-11.8
191.25	1241	-10.0	-10.7
191.75	1247	-8.8	-12.4
192.25	1253	-6.0	-9.7
192.75	1259	-8.5	-12.7
193.25	1264	-4.6	-9.2
193.75	1270	-9.9	-12.2
194.25	1276	-4.7	-9.2
195.25	1287	-3.9	-10.3
195.75	1293	-11.1	-11.9
196.25	1299	-9.6	-12.4
196.75	1305	-8.7	-10.4
197.25	1311	-5.6	-9.6
198.25	1322	-7.6	-9.4
199.25	1334	-7.4	-9.4
200.25	1346	-6.9	-10.4
201.25	1358	-4.7	-9.9
202.25	1369	-6.1	-8.9
203.25	1381	-6.2	-9.0
204.25	1393	-8.9	-11.3
205.25	1405	-7.7	-9.7
206.25	1417	-8.9	-11.7
207.25	1429	-6.2	-9.2
207.95	1437	-7.6	-9.9
208.25	1441	-9.9	-12.4
208.45	1443	-6.9	-9.4
208.95	1449	-5.4	-8.7
209.45	1455	-10.0	-11.6
209.95	1461	-6.8	-9.6
210.45	1467	-8.4	-10.6
210.95	1473	-5.0	-8.2
211.45	1479	-6.3	-10.6
212.45	1491	-11.1	-10.7
212.95	1497	-6.3	-8.3
213.45	1503	-5.4	-7.9
213.95	1509	-9.4	-8.9
214.45	1515	-10.3	-12.0
214.95	1521	-6.4	-8.4
215.45	1527	-9.3	-10.2
215.95	1533	-6.4	-8.3
216.45	1539	-5.0	-8.6
217.45	1551	-8.2	-11.4
218.45	1563	-8.5	-10.3
219.45	1576	-6.8	-10.0
220.45	1588	-7.3	-11.1
221.45	1600	-12.1	-13.8
222.45	1612	-11.4	-10.7
223.45	1625	-9.2	-10.4
224.45	1637	-9.8	-11.1
225.45	1649	-8.2	-11.0
226.45	1661	-7.2	-9.6
227.45	1674	-13.2	-14.1
228.45	1686	-14.6	-12.8
229.45	1698	-9.6	-10.7
230.45	1711	-8.1	-12.0
231.45	1723	-6.8	-10.7
232.45	1736	-10.4	-11.2
233.45	1748	-6.8	-11.0
234.45	1761	-9.1	-14.5
236.45	1786	-12.3	-9.5
237.45	1798	-14.1	-12.4
238.45	1811	-11.6	-12.0
239.45	1823	-12.5	-15.0
240.45	1836	-11.2	-10.8
241.45	1848	-9.7	-14.5
242.45	1861	-11.9	-12.5
243.45	1874	-11.6	-12.9
244.45	1886	-15.8	-14.9
245.45	1899	-14.2	-11.6
246.45	1912	-9.3	-9.8
247.45	1924	-10.3	-11.5
248.45	1937	-8.3	-11.5
249.45	1950	-6.6	-10.1
250.45	1962	-10.4	-9.3
251.45	1975	-8.0	-10.1
252.45	1988	-7.3	-9.1
253.45	2001	-7.4	-8.8
254.45	2014	-7.9	-9.1
256.45	2039	-10.5	-10.4
257.45	2052	-8.9	-10.4
258.45	2065	-10.4	-10.4
259.45	2078	-12.0	-11.4
260.45	2091	-10.2	-10.0
261.45	2103	-12.5	-11.8