# Horseshoe Lake, Illinois 1,500 Year Multiproxy Sediment Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/28690 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/illinois/horseshoe2019metals.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleolimnology # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, nitrogen isotopes, magnetic susceptibility, geochemistry, physical properties #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-01-07 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-01-07 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Horseshoe Lake, Illinois 1,500 Year Multiproxy Sediment Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Pompeani, D.P.; Hillman, A.L.; Finkenbinder, M.S.; Bain, D.J.; Correa-Metrio, A.; Pompeani, K.M.; Abbott, M.B. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Multiproxy sediment data from cores A12 and E13 collected in Horseshoe Lake, Illinois, for the past 1,500 years. # Provided keywords: Anthropocene, archaeology, Cahokia, geochemistry, nitrogen isotopes, carbon isotopes, lead, copper, land-use #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: David P. Pompeani, Aubrey L. Hillman, Matthew S. Finkenbinder, Daniel J. Bain, Alexander Correa-Metrio, Katherine M. Pompeani, and Mark B. Abbott # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-03-01 # Published_Title: The environmental impact of a pre-Columbian city based on geochemical insights from lake sediment cores recovered near Cahokia # Journal_Name: Quaternary Research # Volume: 91 # Edition: # Issue: 2 # Pages: 714-728 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1017/qua.2018.141 # Online_Resource: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/environmental-impact-of-a-precolumbian-city-based-on-geochemical-insights-from-lake-sediment-cores-recovered-near-cahokia/2FD1F916BE1638DF888CE21D0BE7C9D2 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Cahokia is the largest documented urban settlement in the pre-Columbian United States. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city, located near what is now East St. Louis, Illinois, began to rapidly expand starting around AD 1050. At its height, Cahokia extended across 1000 ha and included large plazas, timber palisade walls, and hundreds of monumental earthen mounds. Following several centuries of occupation, the city experienced a period of gradual abandonment from about AD 1200 to 1400. Here, we present geochemical data from a 1500-year-old sediment core from nearby Horseshoe Lake that records watershed impacts associated with the growth and decline of Cahokia. Sedimentary analysis shows a distinctive 24-cm-thick, gray, fine-grained layer formed between AD 1150 and 1220 and characterized by low carbonate d13C, elevated sorbed metal concentrations, and higher organic matter d15N. The deposition of this layer is contemporaneous with archaeological evidence of increased agricultural activity, earthen mound construction, and higher populations surrounding the lake. We hypothesize that these human impacts increased soil erosion, producing new sediment sources from deeper soil horizons, and shifted dissolved transport to the lake, producing lower carbonate d13C values, higher concentrations of lead, copper, potassium, and aluminum, and increased d15N, likely due to contributions of enriched nitrogen from sewage. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Geological Society of America # Grant: Undergraduate Research Award #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: EAR-IF 0948366 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Horseshoe Lake # Location: North America>United States Of America>Illinois # Country: United States Of America # Northernmost_Latitude: 38.6983 # Southernmost_Latitude: 38.6983 # Easternmost_Longitude: -90.0731 # Westernmost_Longitude: -90.0731 # Elevation: 120 #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Horseshoe2019metals # Earliest_Year: 426 # Most_Recent_Year: 2013 # Time_Unit: Year Common Era # Core_Length: 3.41 # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # # ID date type # C14_age conventional radiocarbon date, years before 1950AD # cal_BP radiometric age in calendar years before 1950AD # error one standard deviation error in years # depth core depth in cm # thickness thickness of sample in cm # # ID C14_age cal_BP error depth thickness # Pb-210 -61 2 0 0.1 # Pb-210 -60 2 0.25 2 # Pb-210 -57 2 2.25 2 # Pb-210 -54 2 4.25 2 # Pb-210 -51 2 6.25 2 # Pb-210 -46 3 8.25 2 # Pb-210 -42 3 10.25 2 # Pb-210 -36 3 12.25 2 # Pb-210 -31 4 14.25 2 # Pb-210 -24 5 16.25 2 # Pb-210 -15 6 18.25 2 # Pb-210 -4 9 20.25 2 # Pb-210 14 15 22.25 2 # Horseshoe -A12Surf. 12-13 165 20 39.5 1 # Horseshoe -A12Surf. 70-71 315 35 97.5 1 # Horseshoe -E13-D2- 2-4 450 20 153 2 # Horseshoe -B12 D2 66-67 705 35 171.5 1 # Horseshoe -E13-D2- 69-70 935 40 219.5 1 # Horseshoe -E13-D2-80-82 945 30 231 2 # Horseshoe -E-13-D3- 6-8 (omitted) 1620 15 257 2 # Horseshoe-E13-D3-63-64 1460 70 313.5 1 # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## depth_cm depth, , , cm, , paleolimnology, , ,N, ## age_CE age, , , year Common Era, , paleolimnology, , ,N, best age estimate in CLAM ## K potassium, sediment, , ppm, ,paleolimnology,,,N,10% HNO3 extraction ## Al aluminum, sediment, , ppm, ,paleolimnology,,,N,10% HNO3 extraction ## Cu copper, sediment, , ppm, ,paleolimnology,,,N,10% HNO3 extraction ## Pb lead, sediment, , ppm, ,paleolimnology,,,N,10% HNO3 extraction # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # depth_cm age_CE K Al Cu Pb 1.25 2013 709.21 2956.15 37.10 172.52 3.25 2009 657.40 2869.99 36.04 168.41 5.25 2005 697.50 3048.37 38.16 174.09 7.25 2001 687.46 3112.96 39.40 187.20 9.25 1996 682.26 3037.42 39.46 181.76 11.25 1991 694.54 2992.84 38.11 191.06 13.25 1985 723.76 3098.42 38.84 189.73 17.25 1972 736.00 3111.25 39.87 190.24 21.25 1957 811.61 3639.57 29.93 128.72 26 1937 837.28 3347.98 29.26 125.56 27.5 1930 744.89 2872.19 31.65 114.54 32.5 1906 657.93 2560.66 30.10 108.59 37.5 1881 689.72 3035.19 31.07 105.23 42.5 1856 692.36 3212.29 30.22 83.98 47.5 1831 728.88 3401.10 29.52 58.74 52.5 1806 687.45 3117.91 25.63 29.34 57.5 1782 663.24 3159.95 23.84 16.01 62.5 1758 641.20 2887.77 24.09 14.38 67.5 1735 592.34 2750.49 22.77 14.61 72.5 1713 610.89 2646.28 21.86 13.70 77.5 1691 581.68 2734.64 22.76 14.13 82.5 1670 540.45 2783.29 23.78 14.25 87.5 1649 519.07 2597.03 24.80 13.55 92.5 1630 549.88 2493.39 23.58 13.89 97.5 1612 551.31 2584.94 24.82 14.45 102.5 1594 561.70 2468.71 24.01 14.24 107.5 1577 586.52 2397.81 24.90 14.63 112.5 1561 530.00 2140.34 24.86 15.09 117.5 1545 521.57 2248.74 23.96 14.35 122.5 1530 561.94 2390.20 26.14 15.79 127.5 1513 487.65 2158.82 20.78 11.81 132.5 1497 564.71 2594.25 23.04 12.44 137.5 1480 513.59 2358.78 27.13 10.50 152.5 1422 538.03 2468.14 17.81 11.80 156.5 1404 507.25 2606.02 18.61 12.42 160.5 1386 498.91 2571.72 18.41 12.69 164.5 1367 617.61 2644.06 19.45 13.07 168.5 1348 512.17 2469.18 18.15 13.25 172.5 1329 463.31 2160.91 19.39 12.90 176.5 1310 450.97 2253.72 17.75 12.96 180.5 1292 449.00 2249.71 17.65 13.00 184.5 1274 443.11 2254.56 17.79 13.44 188.5 1255 491.14 2443.10 19.70 13.88 192.5 1238 496.20 2211.98 20.17 14.41 196.5 1220 490.73 2075.99 19.26 13.60 197.5 1215 581.05 2602.95 24.62 15.81 198.5 1211 641.67 2608.74 24.68 16.20 199.5 1206 631.98 2534.95 25.50 16.62 200.5 1202 567.78 2169.79 20.37 15.21 201.5 1197 611.64 2433.21 24.86 16.49 202.5 1193 646.47 2571.83 25.04 16.87 203.5 1189 606.79 2515.45 24.73 16.89 204.5 1184 516.22 1922.65 17.64 14.49 205.5 1180 604.48 2622.04 24.97 17.00 206.5 1175 624.48 2524.46 25.22 16.47 207.5 1171 570.27 2587.53 23.16 14.88 208.5 1166 541.20 2432.90 21.07 14.48 209.5 1162 597.19 2749.87 24.97 15.63 210.5 1157 643.52 2756.80 23.97 16.54 211.5 1153 641.59 2737.23 23.30 16.54 212.5 1149 635.90 2472.56 19.55 15.56 213.5 1144 532.43 2712.90 22.33 14.88 214.5 1140 470.76 2925.53 20.72 13.66 215.5 1135 402.32 2706.55 19.64 13.28 216.5 1131 409.92 2417.09 17.18 12.57 220.5 1112 378.91 2359.06 16.01 12.32 224.5 1094 362.13 2278.59 15.47 12.10 228.5 1075 323.56 2031.29 14.02 11.98 232.5 1056 357.39 2172.01 15.23 12.24 236.5 1037 375.62 2210.12 15.45 12.19 240.5 1017 385.43 2483.86 15.30 12.47 244.5 996 340.34 2039.59 14.47 11.13 252.5 953 272.01 2520.04 15.85 10.78 256.5 931 276.47 2464.84 15.30 10.82 260.5 909 283.46 2482.45 14.78 10.34 264.5 886 273.77 2355.06 13.22 9.65 268.5 863 250.10 2225.16 11.75 9.11 272.5 840 261.27 2307.72 12.93 9.65 276.5 817 227.67 1971.97 11.99 9.04 280.5 793 265.02 2033.62 12.83 9.72 284.5 769 251.55 2120.68 13.45 9.89 288.5 745 219.02 1863.24 11.80 9.01 292.5 721 190.94 1654.21 9.54 8.19 296.5 696 186.85 1568.84 9.98 7.65 300.5 672 204.15 1667.50 11.20 8.19 304.5 647 183.29 1660.16 10.55 7.94 308.5 623 146.15 1653.37 9.89 7.76 312.5 598 132.21 1594.67 8.81 7.30 316.5 574 184.41 1916.76 12.10 8.24 320.5 549 214.55 1941.26 13.62 8.57 324.5 524 210.47 2028.77 13.89 9.16 328.5 500 183.34 1904.00 13.02 8.57 332.5 475 286.06 2049.14 13.56 9.88 336.5 450 309.39 2227.92 15.20 10.94 340.5 426 317.18 2329.59 16.35 11.29