# Stratigraphy, depositional environments and level reconstruction of the last interglacial Lake Samra in the Dead Sea basin
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#               World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17370
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/lakelevels/dead-sea/waldman2009-lakesamra.txt
#
# Archive: Lake Level
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# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2014-06-11
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# Title
#    Study_Name: Stratigraphy, depositional environments and level reconstruction of the last
interglacial Lake Samra in the Dead Sea basin
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# Investigators
#      Investigators: Waldmann, N., Stein, M., Ariztegui, D., Starinsky, A.,
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# Description and Notes
#        Description: ;Keywords, Last interglacial, Dead Sea basin, Lacustrine depositional environments, Paleoclimate, Paleolimnology, Sequence stratigraphy, Lake level, Sedimentary basins;
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Waldmann, N., Stein, M., Ariztegui, D., Starinsky, A.
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2009
# Published_Title: Stratigraphy, depositional environments and level reconstruction of the last interglacial Lake Samra in the Dead Sea basin
# Journal_Name: Quaternary Research
# Volume: 72
# Issue: 
# Pages: 1-15
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 
# Abstract: In this paper we describe the stratigraphy and sediments deposited in Lake Samra that occupied the Dead Sea basin between ~135 and 75 ka. This information is combined with U/Th dating of primary aragonites in order to estimate a relative lake-level curve that serves as a regional paleohydrological monitor. The lake stood at an elevation of ~340 m below mean sea level (MSL) during most of the last interglacial. This level is relatively higher than the average Holocene Dead Sea (~400 ± 30 m below MSL). At ~120 and ~85 ka, Lake Samra rose to ~320 m below MSL while it dropped to levels lower than ~380 m below MSL at ~135 and ~75 ka, reflecting arid conditions in the drainage area. Lowstands are correlated with warm intervals in the Northern Hemisphere, while minor lake rises are probably related to cold episodes during MIS 5b and MIS 5d. Similar climate relationships are documented for the last glacial highstand Lake Lisan and the lowstand Holocene Dead Sea. Yet, the dominance of detrital calcites and precipitation of travertines in the Dead Sea basin during the last interglacial interval suggest intense pluvial conditions and possible contribution of southern sources of wetness to the region.
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# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: 
#    Grant: 
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# Site Information
# Site_Name: Lake Samra
# Location: Asia, Western Asia, Middle East, Israel
# Country: Israel
# Northernmost_Latitude: 31.37255
# Southernmost_Latitude: 31.37255
# Easternmost_Longitude: 35.380033
# Westernmost_Longitude: 35.380033
# Elevation: -388
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: samra lake levels
#   First_Year: 139
#   Last_Year: 0
#   Time_Unit: cal yr ka BP
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
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# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## age_KA  ,age,,,cal kyr BP,,,,
## lake-level-MSL_m  ,lake elevation,,,meters relative to mean sea level,,lake level,,
# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
age_KA	lake-level-MSL_m	
0	-425	
0.5	-395	
1	-405	
1.1	-385	
2	-395	
2.1	-410	
2.6	-405	
3	-415	
3.4	-370	
3.8	-400	
4.1	-385	
4.9	-395	
5.5	-390	
6	-375	
6.5	-410	
7	-405	
8	-425	
8.1	-405	
9	-410	
9.1	-390	
9.5	-395	
10	-390	
10.5	-430	
11		
12		
13		
14		
16	-255	
16.5	-265	
17	-275	
18	-195	
20	-200	
20.5	-195	
21	-200	
21.5	-195	
22	-205	
22.5	-200	
23	-213	
25	-177	
27	-215	
28	-205	
29	-280	
30	-260	
31	-280	
32.5	-280	
33	-285	
34	-275	
35	-280	
36	-275	
37	-325	
38	-315	
39.5	-335	
40	-280	
40.5	-285	
40.9	-280	
41.5	-290	
42.5	-280	
43.5	-315	
44	-320	
45	-325	
45.5	-320	
46.5	-350	
48	-285	
49	-290	
50	-280	
51	-295	
52.5	-285	
54	-300	
55.5	-295	
57	-310	
60	-265	
66	-300	
67.5	-275	
71	-385	
76.5	-350	
79	-355	
82	-340	
84.5	-350	
86	-330	
88	-345	
90.5	-335	
96	-330	
101	-330	
103	-350	
105	-345	
106	-355	
107	-350	
109	-355	
110	-350	
111	-360	
113	-355	
115	-360	
119	-325	
132	-395	
138	-340	
139	-345