Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland Annual Biogenic Silica and Temperature Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland Annual Biogenic Silica and Temperature Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 10/2007 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Alex Blass, Christian Bigler, Martin Grosjean, Michael Sturm IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2007-098 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Blass, A., et al. 2007. Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland Annual Biogenic Silica and Temperature Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2007-098. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Blass, A., C. Bigler, M. Grosjean, and M. Sturm. 2007. Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern Swiss Alps). Quaternary Research, Vol. 68, pp. 184-195. ABSTRACT: A quantitative high-resolution autumn (September–November) temperature reconstruction for the southeastern Swiss Alps back to AD 1580 is presented here. We used the annually resolved biogenic silica (diatoms) flux derived from the accurately dated and annually sampled sediments of Lake Silvaplana (46°27'N, 9°48'E, 1800 m a.s.l.). The biogenic silica flux smoothed by means of a 9-yr running mean was calibrated (r=0.70, pb0.01) against local instrumental temperature data (AD 1864–1949). The resulting reconstruction (±2 standard errors=±0.7°C) indicates that autumns during the late Little Ice Age were generally cooler than they were during the 20th century. During the cold anomaly around AD 1600 and during the Maunder Minimum, however, the reconstructed autumn temperatures did not experience strong negative departures from the 20th century mean. The warmest autumns prior to 1900 occurred around AD 1770 and 1820 (0.75 °C above the 20th-century mean). Our data agree closely with two other autumn temperature reconstructions for the Alps and for Europe that are based on documentary evidence and are completely unrelated to our data, revealing a very consistent picture over the centuries. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Switzerland, central europe PERIOD OF RECORD: 1577 - 1949 AD FUNDING SOURCES: NCCR Climate (Swiss National Science Foundation, SNF), the ENLARGE ('ENvironmental changes in mountain regions; recorded in high-resolution archives of LAkes of the UppeR EnGadinE, Switzerland') project (SNF No. 200021-103892/1), and the EU FP6 project 'Millennium'. DESCRIPTION: Annually resolved biogenic silica (diatoms) flux data and temperature reconstruction from Lake Silvaplana, Swiss Alps (46°27'N, 9°48'E, 1800m) DATA: Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland Annually-resolved biogenic silica data and temperature reconstruction Column 1: Year A.D. Column 2: BioSi_flux, mass accumulation rate, mg cm-2 yr-1 Column 3: Autumn (Sept.-Oct.-Nov.) mean air temperature reconstruction, 9-yr running mean, °C Column 4: Autumn (Sept.-Oct.-Nov.) mean air temperature reconstruction, 2 standard errors Column 5: Annual mean air temperature reconstruction, 9-yr running mean, °C Column 6: Annual mean air temperature reconstruction, 2 standard errors Year BioSi_flux T_SON T_SON_2SE T_ann. T_ann._2SE 1577 1.462 na na na na 1578 1.184 na na na na 1579 1.443 na na na na 1580 1.529 na na na na 1581 1.592 2.768 0.66 1.672 0.28 1582 1.656 2.683 0.66 1.636 0.28 1583 0.687 2.76 0.66 1.669 0.28 1584 1.678 2.584 0.66 1.594 0.28 1585 1.49 2.597 0.66 1.599 0.28 1586 1.238 2.49 0.66 1.554 0.28 1587 1.518 2.481 0.66 1.551 0.28 1588 0.897 2.759 0.66 1.668 0.28 1589 1.629 2.756 0.66 1.667 0.28 1590 1.278 2.815 0.66 1.692 0.28 1591 1.676 2.719 0.66 1.651 0.28 1592 1.694 2.667 0.66 1.629 0.28 1593 1.712 2.8 0.66 1.686 0.28 1594 1.73 2.695 0.66 1.641 0.28 1595 0.942 2.588 0.66 1.596 0.28 1596 1.369 2.494 0.66 1.556 0.28 1597 1.382 2.252 0.66 1.453 0.28 1598 1.289 1.99 0.66 1.343 0.28 1599 0.924 1.687 0.66 1.215 0.28 1600 1.363 1.664 0.66 1.205 0.28 1601 0.865 1.544 0.66 1.154 0.28 1602 0.814 1.593 0.66 1.175 0.28 1603 0.682 1.656 0.66 1.201 0.28 1604 0.858 1.665 0.66 1.205 0.28 1605 0.947 1.701 0.66 1.221 0.28 1606 1.539 1.8 0.66 1.262 0.28 1607 1.489 1.827 0.66 1.274 0.28 1608 0.937 2.145 0.66 1.408 0.28 1609 1.467 2.241 0.66 1.449 0.28 1610 1.179 2.396 0.66 1.515 0.28 1611 0.88 2.479 0.66 1.55 0.28 1612 1.748 2.62 0.66 1.609 0.28 1613 1.153 2.788 0.66 1.68 0.28 1614 1.444 2.836 0.66 1.701 0.28 1615 1.785 3 0.66 1.77 0.28 1616 1.93 3.178 0.66 1.845 0.28 1617 1.471 3.119 0.66 1.821 0.28 1618 1.582 3.043 0.66 1.788 0.28 1619 1.693 3.212 0.66 1.86 0.28 1620 1.44 3.117 0.66 1.82 0.28 1621 1.488 2.841 0.66 1.703 0.28 1622 0.832 2.615 0.66 1.607 0.28 1623 1.97 2.343 0.66 1.492 0.28 1624 1.395 2.194 0.66 1.429 0.28 1625 0.914 2.075 0.66 1.379 0.28 1626 0.626 2.058 0.66 1.371 0.28 1627 0.579 2.074 0.66 1.378 0.28 1628 1.115 1.946 0.66 1.324 0.28 1629 0.964 1.904 0.66 1.306 0.28 1630 1.364 2.066 0.66 1.375 0.28 1631 0.824 2.19 0.66 1.428 0.28 1632 1.466 2.363 0.66 1.501 0.28 1633 1.187 2.221 0.66 1.441 0.28 1634 1.414 2.032 0.66 1.361 0.28 1635 0.996 1.749 0.66 1.241 0.28 1636 1.117 1.851 0.66 1.284 0.28 1637 0.569 1.724 0.66 1.23 0.28 1638 0.255 1.681 0.66 1.212 0.28 1639 0.334 1.553 0.66 1.158 0.28 1640 1.123 1.672 0.66 1.208 0.28 1641 0.977 1.792 0.66 1.259 0.28 1642 0.992 2.153 0.66 1.412 0.28 1643 0.926 2.271 0.66 1.462 0.28 1644 1.364 2.368 0.66 1.503 0.28 1645 1.488 2.471 0.66 1.546 0.28 1646 1.777 2.45 0.66 1.538 0.28 1647 0.624 2.372 0.66 1.504 0.28 1648 0.633 2.546 0.66 1.578 0.28 1649 1.443 2.546 0.66 1.578 0.28 1650 0.871 2.632 0.66 1.615 0.28 1651 0.688 2.521 0.66 1.568 0.28 1652 1.497 2.636 0.66 1.616 0.28 1653 1.335 2.898 0.66 1.727 0.28 1654 1.757 2.828 0.66 1.698 0.28 1655 1.365 2.957 0.66 1.752 0.28 1656 0.995 2.937 0.66 1.744 0.28 1657 1.513 2.728 0.66 1.655 0.28 1658 1.178 2.867 0.66 1.714 0.28 1659 1.295 2.608 0.66 1.604 0.28 1660 0.599 2.386 0.66 1.51 0.28 1661 0.753 2.438 0.66 1.532 0.28 1662 1.797 2.326 0.66 1.485 0.28 1663 0.843 2.198 0.66 1.431 0.28 1664 0.583 2.285 0.66 1.468 0.28 1665 1.162 2.304 0.66 1.475 0.28 1666 1.115 2.328 0.66 1.486 0.28 1667 0.723 2.041 0.66 1.364 0.28 1668 1.587 1.988 0.66 1.342 0.28 1669 0.654 2.042 0.66 1.365 0.28 1670 0.833 1.923 0.66 1.314 0.28 1671 0.799 1.782 0.66 1.255 0.28 1672 0.659 1.769 0.66 1.249 0.28 1673 0.769 1.376 0.66 1.083 0.28 1674 0.752 1.421 0.66 1.102 0.28 1675 0.633 1.58 0.66 1.169 0.28 1676 0.681 1.777 0.66 1.253 0.28 1677 0.236 1.954 0.66 1.327 0.28 1678 0.819 1.983 0.66 1.34 0.28 1679 1.393 2.126 0.66 1.4 0.28 1680 1.492 2.348 0.66 1.494 0.28 1681 1.283 2.569 0.66 1.588 0.28 1682 0.885 3.059 0.66 1.795 0.28 1683 1.263 3.15 0.66 1.834 0.28 1684 1.417 2.943 0.66 1.746 0.28 1685 1.462 2.77 0.66 1.673 0.28 1686 1.947 2.584 0.66 1.594 0.28 1687 1.153 2.744 0.66 1.662 0.28 1688 0.695 2.589 0.66 1.596 0.28 1689 0.913 2.45 0.66 1.537 0.28 1690 0.661 2.282 0.66 1.466 0.28 1691 1.455 1.913 0.66 1.31 0.28 1692 0.744 1.826 0.66 1.273 0.28 1693 0.954 2.042 0.66 1.365 0.28 1694 0.898 2.322 0.66 1.483 0.28 1695 0.69 2.513 0.66 1.564 0.28 1696 0.867 2.306 0.66 1.477 0.28 1697 1.455 2.458 0.66 1.541 0.28 1698 1.892 2.417 0.66 1.524 0.28 1699 1.334 2.515 0.66 1.565 0.28 1700 0.749 2.538 0.66 1.575 0.28 1701 1.275 2.852 0.66 1.707 0.28 1702 0.822 2.904 0.66 1.73 0.28 1703 1.241 2.91 0.66 1.732 0.28 1704 0.773 2.734 0.66 1.658 0.28 1705 1.955 2.641 0.66 1.618 0.28 1706 1.638 2.429 0.66 1.528 0.28 1707 1.912 2.352 0.66 1.496 0.28 1708 0.725 2.132 0.66 1.403 0.28 1709 0.427 2.109 0.66 1.393 0.28 1710 0.538 1.822 0.66 1.272 0.28 1711 0.552 1.761 0.66 1.246 0.28 1712 0.476 1.434 0.66 1.107 0.28 1713 0.69 1.555 0.66 1.159 0.28 1714 0.955 1.862 0.66 1.289 0.28 1715 1.419 1.954 0.66 1.328 0.28 1716 0.773 2.086 0.66 1.384 0.28 1717 1.135 2.367 0.66 1.502 0.28 1718 1.477 2.394 0.66 1.514 0.28 1719 0.844 2.465 0.66 1.544 0.28 1720 0.995 2.255 0.66 1.455 0.28 1721 1.432 2.381 0.66 1.508 0.28 1722 0.766 2.316 0.66 1.481 0.28 1723 1.184 2.353 0.66 1.496 0.28 1724 0.672 2.218 0.66 1.439 0.28 1725 1.188 2.428 0.66 1.528 0.28 1726 0.889 2.55 0.66 1.58 0.28 1727 1.577 2.476 0.66 1.548 0.28 1728 0.352 2.626 0.66 1.612 0.28 1729 1.691 2.648 0.66 1.621 0.28 1730 1.822 2.593 0.66 1.598 0.28 1731 0.475 2.585 0.66 1.594 0.28 1732 1.668 2.392 0.66 1.513 0.28 1733 0.712 2.706 0.66 1.646 0.28 1734 0.958 2.514 0.66 1.564 0.28 1735 0.816 2.449 0.66 1.537 0.28 1736 0.866 2.55 0.66 1.58 0.28 1737 1.394 2.321 0.66 1.483 0.28 1738 0.978 2.398 0.66 1.515 0.28 1739 1.549 2.526 0.66 1.57 0.28 1740 0.771 2.59 0.66 1.597 0.28 1741 0.823 2.807 0.66 1.688 0.28 1742 0.926 2.655 0.66 1.624 0.28 1743 1.346 2.87 0.66 1.715 0.28 1744 0.984 2.632 0.66 1.614 0.28 1745 1.559 2.645 0.66 1.62 0.28 1746 0.816 2.639 0.66 1.617 0.28 1747 1.666 2.611 0.66 1.606 0.28 1748 0.673 2.506 0.66 1.561 0.28 1749 0.764 2.46 0.66 1.542 0.28 1750 0.75 2.173 0.66 1.42 0.28 1751 0.779 2.113 0.66 1.395 0.28 1752 0.934 1.804 0.66 1.264 0.28 1753 0.776 1.842 0.66 1.28 0.28 1754 0.522 1.88 0.66 1.296 0.28 1755 0.564 1.871 0.66 1.292 0.28 1756 0.555 1.896 0.66 1.303 0.28 1757 0.766 1.9 0.66 1.305 0.28 1758 0.858 1.916 0.66 1.311 0.28 1759 0.68 1.871 0.66 1.293 0.28 1760 0.832 1.971 0.66 1.335 0.28 1761 0.917 2.073 0.66 1.378 0.28 1762 0.798 2.079 0.66 1.38 0.28 1763 0.339 2.086 0.66 1.383 0.28 1764 0.882 2.066 0.66 1.375 0.28 1765 0.877 1.991 0.66 1.343 0.28 1766 0.76 1.994 0.66 1.344 0.28 1767 0.858 2.244 0.66 1.45 0.28 1768 0.585 2.343 0.66 1.492 0.28 1769 0.546 2.297 0.66 1.473 0.28 1770 0.9 2.323 0.66 1.484 0.28 1771 1.635 2.544 0.66 1.577 0.28 1772 0.655 2.733 0.66 1.657 0.28 1773 0.694 3.047 0.66 1.79 0.28 1774 0.936 3.418 0.66 1.947 0.28 1775 1.492 3.464 0.66 1.966 0.28 1776 1.479 3.152 0.66 1.835 0.28 1777 1.636 3.107 0.66 1.816 0.28 1778 1.794 3.217 0.66 1.862 0.28 1779 1.022 3.239 0.66 1.871 0.28 1780 0.525 2.964 0.66 1.755 0.28 1781 0.457 2.671 0.66 1.631 0.28 1782 1.027 2.421 0.66 1.525 0.28 1783 0.969 2.051 0.66 1.369 0.28 1784 0.5 1.899 0.66 1.304 0.28 1785 0.421 1.99 0.66 1.343 0.28 1786 0.734 1.982 0.66 1.339 0.28 1787 0.468 1.87 0.66 1.292 0.28 1788 0.454 1.795 0.66 1.26 0.28 1789 0.786 1.775 0.66 1.252 0.28 1790 0.388 1.878 0.66 1.295 0.28 1791 0.596 1.815 0.66 1.269 0.28 1792 0.666 2.136 0.66 1.404 0.28 1793 0.394 2.124 0.66 1.399 0.28 1794 0.736 2.187 0.66 1.426 0.28 1795 0.476 2.261 0.66 1.457 0.28 1796 1.546 2.358 0.66 1.499 0.28 1797 0.379 2.324 0.66 1.484 0.28 1798 0.983 2.414 0.66 1.522 0.28 1799 0.619 2.298 0.66 1.473 0.28 1800 0.915 2.316 0.66 1.481 0.28 1801 0.532 2.101 0.66 1.39 0.28 1802 0.688 2.094 0.66 1.387 0.28 1803 0.323 1.969 0.66 1.334 0.28 1804 0.529 1.919 0.66 1.313 0.28 1805 0.797 1.869 0.66 1.292 0.28 1806 0.348 1.908 0.66 1.308 0.28 1807 0.549 1.784 0.66 1.255 0.28 1808 0.446 1.798 0.66 1.261 0.28 1809 0.746 1.771 0.66 1.25 0.28 1810 0.667 2.012 0.66 1.352 0.28 1811 0.264 2.284 0.66 1.467 0.28 1812 0.378 2.476 0.66 1.548 0.28 1813 0.44 2.717 0.66 1.651 0.28 1814 1.637 2.699 0.66 1.643 0.28 1815 1.295 3.007 0.66 1.773 0.28 1816 1.216 3.167 0.66 1.841 0.28 1817 1.284 3.319 0.66 1.905 0.28 1818 0.686 3.474 0.66 1.971 0.28 1819 1.734 3.47 0.66 1.969 0.28 1820 0.818 3.314 0.66 1.903 0.28 1821 0.9 3.057 0.66 1.794 0.28 1822 0.972 2.917 0.66 1.735 0.28 1823 1.617 3.008 0.66 1.774 0.28 1824 0.747 2.964 0.66 1.755 0.28 1825 0.319 2.942 0.66 1.746 0.28 1826 0.788 2.938 0.66 1.744 0.28 1827 0.987 2.872 0.66 1.716 0.28 1828 1.567 2.51 0.66 1.563 0.28 1829 0.723 2.368 0.66 1.503 0.28 1830 0.869 2.416 0.66 1.523 0.28 1831 0.724 2.259 0.66 1.456 0.28 1832 0.345 2.111 0.66 1.394 0.28 1833 0.236 1.818 0.66 1.27 0.28 1834 0.462 1.757 0.66 1.244 0.28 1835 0.223 1.729 0.66 1.232 0.28 1836 0.455 1.694 0.66 1.217 0.28 1837 0.535 1.758 0.66 1.245 0.28 1838 0.492 1.828 0.66 1.274 0.28 1839 0.755 1.79 0.66 1.258 0.28 1840 0.585 1.944 0.66 1.323 0.28 1841 0.554 2.065 0.66 1.375 0.28 1842 0.468 2.093 0.66 1.387 0.28 1843 0.322 2.138 0.66 1.405 0.28 1844 0.749 2.084 0.66 1.382 0.28 1845 0.872 2.034 0.66 1.361 0.28 1846 0.636 2.111 0.66 1.394 0.28 1847 0.652 2.137 0.66 1.405 0.28 1848 0.576 2.215 0.66 1.438 0.28 1849 0.427 2.202 0.66 1.433 0.28 1850 0.84 2.141 0.66 1.407 0.28 1851 0.578 2.142 0.66 1.407 0.28 1852 0.618 2.431 0.66 1.53 0.28 1853 0.737 2.534 0.66 1.573 0.28 1854 0.694 2.618 0.66 1.608 0.28 1855 0.679 2.726 0.66 1.654 0.28 1856 1.692 2.771 0.66 1.673 0.28 1857 0.977 2.766 0.66 1.671 0.28 1858 0.764 2.709 0.66 1.647 0.28 1859 1.267 2.66 0.66 1.626 0.28 1860 0.785 2.902 0.66 1.729 0.28 1861 0.657 2.479 0.66 1.549 0.28 1862 0.599 2.445 0.66 1.535 0.28 1863 0.586 2.404 0.66 1.518 0.28 1864 1.58 2.21 0.66 1.436 0.28 1865 0.292 2.241 0.66 1.449 0.28 1866 0.927 2.21 0.66 1.436 0.28 1867 0.687 2.163 0.66 1.416 0.28 1868 0.662 2.142 0.66 1.407 0.28 1869 0.957 1.944 0.66 1.323 0.28 1870 0.615 2.348 0.66 1.494 0.28 1871 0.5 2.204 0.66 1.433 0.28 1872 0.576 2.345 0.66 1.493 0.28 1873 0.954 2.388 0.66 1.511 0.28 1874 1.747 2.49 0.66 1.555 0.28 1875 0.483 2.571 0.66 1.589 0.28 1876 1.229 2.674 0.66 1.632 0.28 1877 0.86 2.684 0.66 1.637 0.28 1878 1.36 2.635 0.66 1.616 0.28 1879 0.936 2.539 0.66 1.575 0.28 1880 0.896 2.754 0.66 1.666 0.28 1881 0.648 2.76 0.66 1.669 0.28 1882 0.817 2.651 0.66 1.623 0.28 1883 1.442 2.51 0.66 1.563 0.28 1884 1.25 2.465 0.66 1.544 0.28 1885 1.267 2.47 0.66 1.546 0.28 1886 0.499 2.419 0.66 1.524 0.28 1887 0.88 2.41 0.66 1.52 0.28 1888 0.786 2.385 0.66 1.51 0.28 1889 0.914 2.245 0.66 1.451 0.28 1890 0.468 2.242 0.66 1.45 0.28 1891 0.776 2.237 0.66 1.447 0.28 1892 1.343 2.269 0.66 1.461 0.28 1893 0.751 2.303 0.66 1.475 0.28 1894 1.238 2.414 0.66 1.522 0.28 1895 0.459 2.63 0.66 1.614 0.28 1896 0.962 2.964 0.66 1.755 0.28 1897 0.876 2.84 0.66 1.703 0.28 1898 1.269 2.917 0.66 1.735 0.28 1899 1.183 2.846 0.66 1.705 0.28 1900 1.895 2.902 0.66 1.729 0.28 1901 0.882 2.788 0.66 1.681 0.28 1902 0.982 2.697 0.66 1.642 0.28 1903 0.956 2.473 0.66 1.547 0.28 1904 0.618 2.335 0.66 1.489 0.28 1905 0.536 2.069 0.66 1.376 0.28 1906 0.527 2.09 0.66 1.385 0.28 1907 0.464 1.964 0.66 1.332 0.28 1908 0.677 1.828 0.66 1.274 0.28 1909 0.949 1.773 0.66 1.251 0.28 1910 0.932 1.799 0.66 1.262 0.28 1911 0.528 1.772 0.66 1.251 0.28 1912 0.47 1.85 0.66 1.283 0.28 1913 0.416 1.851 0.66 1.284 0.28 1914 0.617 1.762 0.66 1.246 0.28 1915 0.431 1.705 0.66 1.222 0.28 1916 0.733 1.743 0.66 1.238 0.28 1917 0.685 1.847 0.66 1.282 0.28 1918 0.653 2.182 0.66 1.424 0.28 1919 0.748 2.124 0.66 1.399 0.28 1920 0.679 2.131 0.66 1.402 0.28 1921 0.855 2.34 0.66 1.491 0.28 1922 1.599 2.366 0.66 1.502 0.28 1923 0.45 2.434 0.66 1.531 0.28 1924 0.489 2.435 0.66 1.531 0.28 1925 1.497 2.616 0.66 1.608 0.28 1926 0.816 2.618 0.66 1.609 0.28 1927 0.935 2.478 0.66 1.549 0.28 1928 0.798 2.541 0.66 1.576 0.28 1929 1.356 2.739 0.66 1.66 0.28 1930 0.915 2.39 0.66 1.512 0.28 1931 1.168 2.411 0.66 1.521 0.28 1932 0.723 2.495 0.66 1.556 0.28 1933 1.229 2.716 0.66 1.65 0.28 1934 0.349 2.475 0.66 1.548 0.28 1935 0.942 2.366 0.66 1.502 0.28 1936 1.282 2.472 0.66 1.547 0.28 1937 1.618 2.524 0.66 1.569 0.28 1938 0.575 2.261 0.66 1.458 0.28 1939 0.592 2.569 0.66 1.588 0.28 1940 1.584 2.648 0.66 1.621 0.28 1941 0.952 2.525 0.66 1.569 0.28 1942 0.367 2.243 0.66 1.45 0.28 1943 1.456 2.458 0.66 1.541 0.28 1944 1.257 2.658 0.66 1.625 0.28 1945 0.896 2.447 0.66 1.536 0.28 1946 0.683 na na na na 1947 1.352 na na na na 1948 1.312 na na na na 1949 0.882 na na na na