# GISP2 - Temperature Reconstruction and Accumulation Data
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/2475
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-2475.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Ice Cores
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/36sb-3355
#
# Science_Keywords: PAGES Arctic 2k, Air Temperature Reconstruction, PAGES 2k Network, Precipitation Reconstruction
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/gisp2_temp_alley2000-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Temperature Reconstruction
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2004-03-01
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2024-04-22
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: GISP2 - Temperature Reconstruction and Accumulation Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Alley, R.B.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1833-0115)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Temperature interpretation based on stable isotope analysis, and ice accumulation data, from the GISP2 ice core, central Greenland. Data are smoothed from original measurements published by Cuffey and Clow (1997), as presented in Figure 1 of Alley (2000).
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Alley, R.B.
#   Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#   Published_Title: The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2000
#   Volume: 19
#   Pages: 213-226
#   Issue: 1-5
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: Greenland ice-core records provide an exceptionally clear picture of many aspects of abrupt climate changes, and particularly of those associated with the Younger Dryas event, as reviewed here. Well-preserved annual layers can be counted confidently, with only ≈1% errors for the age of the end of the Younger Dryas ≈11,500 years before present. Ice-flow corrections allow reconstruction of snow accumulation rates over tens of thousands of years with little additional uncertainty. Glaciochemical and particulate data record atmospheric-loading changes with little uncertainty introduced by changes in snow accumulation. Confident paleothermometry is provided by site-specific calibrations using ice-isotopic ratios, borehole temperatures, and gas-isotopic ratios. Near-simultaneous changes in ice-core paleoclimatic indicators of local, regional, and more-widespread climate conditions demonstrate that much of the Earth experienced abrupt climate changes synchronous with Greenland within thirty years or less. Post-Younger Dryas changes have not duplicated the size, extent and rapidity of these paleoclimatic changes.
#--------------------
#   Authors: Cuffey, K.M. and G.D. Clow
#   Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
#   Published_Title: Temperature, accumulation, and ice sheet elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 1997-11-30
#   Volume: 102
#   Pages: 26383-26396
#   Issue: C12
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1029/96JC03981
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: We present a combined heat- and ice-flow model, constrained by measurements of temperature in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) borehole and by the GISP2 d18O record and depth-age scale, which determines a history of temperature, accumulation rate, and ice sheet elevation for the past 50,000 years in central Greenland. Important results are: that the temperature increase from average glacial to Holocene conditions was large, approximately 15C, with a 20C warming from late glacial to Holocene; that the average accumulation rate during the last glacial maximum (between 15 and 30 kyr B. P.) was 5.5 to 7 cm yr-1, approximately 25% of the modern accumulation rate; that long-term (500-1000 years) averaged accumulation rate and temperature have been inversely correlated during the most recent 7 millennia of the Holocene; and that the Greenland Ice Sheet probably thickened during the deglacial transition. The inverse correlation of accumulation rate and temperature in the mid and late Holocene suggests that the Greenland Ice Sheet is more prone to volume reduction in a warmed climate than previously thought and demonstrates that accumulation rate is not a reliable proxy for temperature. The elevation history of the ice sheet is poorly constrained by the model, and independent evidence is needed. We also present a simple estimate of the response time for thinning of the interior region of an ice sheet due to retreat of its margins. This was approximately 1900 years for central Greenland during deglaciation.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name:
#   Grant:
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: GISP2
#   Location: Greenland
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 72.583333
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 72.583333
#   Easternmost_Longitude: -38.466667
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -38.466667
#   Elevation_m: 3200
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: GISP2 temp Alley2000
#   First_Year: 49981
#   Last_Year: 95
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: air temperature
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
# Chronology:
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_calkaBP	ice age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,climate reconstructions;ice cores,,,N,
## Temperature	surface temperature,delta 18O,,degree Celsius,,climate reconstructions;ice cores,,,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
age_calkaBP	Temperature
0.0951409	-31.5913
0.10713	-31.622
0.113149	-31.6026
0.119205	-31.6002
0.119205	-31.598
0.125451	-31.6656
0.132407	-31.7235
0.138807	-31.7583
0.145126	-31.8098
0.152263	-31.8415
0.152263	-31.8813
0.15938	-31.9559
0.165464	-32.0241
0.171847	-32.038
0.179421	-31.9872
0.186623	-31.9689
0.193605	-31.9954
0.200585	-32.022
0.200585	-32.0291
0.208106	-32.0198
0.215304	-32.0128
0.223068	-32.0254
0.231056	-32.0263
0.238562	-32.0213
0.245663	-32.0117
0.253461	-32.0337
0.261287	-32.0807
0.268471	-32.072
0.275943	-32.0267
0.284122	-32.0002
0.292523	-31.988
0.292523	-32.0024
0.29988	-32.0013
0.307306	-32.0133
0.314683	-32.0339
0.322114	-32.0898
0.330199	-32.0848
0.338479	-32.0848
0.346279	-32.037
0.354187	-32.005
0.361642	-31.9876
0.36936	-31.9811
0.377252	-31.9811
0.385137	-31.9926
0.393705	-31.9715
0.402092	-31.942
0.409803	-31.9187
0.417837	-31.9126
0.426195	-31.9385
0.435395	-31.9591
0.444124	-31.9648
0.444124	-32.0093
0.452151	-32.0243
0.460146	-31.9889
0.46821	-31.942
0.477154	-31.885
0.48586	-31.8772
0.493906	-31.8572
0.502128	-31.884
0.510547	-31.8584
0.51961	-31.8444
0.529979	-31.8076
0.538161	-31.8108
0.546961	-31.9024
0.555786	-31.9472
0.563878	-32.0128
0.571734	-32.0312
0.579811	-32.016
0.588184	-31.99
0.596972	-31.9488
0.604848	-31.9144
0.613338	-31.8792
0.621464	-31.8316
0.629783	-31.7896
0.638325	-31.7176
0.6469	-31.7244
0.655271	-31.7816
0.663814	-31.7732
0.672368	-31.7012
0.681144	-31.6588
0.689778	-31.7204
0.698622	-31.7436
0.707583	-31.8088
0.716254	-31.8296
0.724727	-31.8896
0.733744	-31.9744
0.742976	-31.9956
0.751827	-31.9024
0.760574	-31.7144
0.769708	-31.5472
0.77945	-31.4508
0.789362	-31.3852
0.798428	-31.3748
0.807722	-31.3456
0.81694	-31.3132
0.826615	-31.3156
0.835738	-31.3444
0.844395	-31.36
0.852799	-31.3656
0.860838	-31.3844
0.86922	-31.378
0.878411	-31.3224
0.886462	-31.2496
0.895097	-31.2776
0.903091	-31.2616
0.912228	-31.2084
0.922222	-31.0276
0.931148	-30.9288
0.939188	-30.8272
0.947684	-30.6236
0.955867	-30.4956
0.964939	-30.4628
0.973903	-30.5276
0.981625	-30.6348
0.990328	-30.6732
0.998549	-30.6752
1.00806	-30.7012
1.01675	-30.7436
1.02498	-30.886
1.03373	-30.986
1.04265	-31.0792
1.05126	-31.0816
1.05927	-31.0876
1.06818	-31.0812
1.07716	-31.1404
1.08641	-31.1968
1.09554	-31.2252
1.10413	-31.26
1.11306	-31.3228
1.12125	-31.45
1.13051	-31.5652
1.13904	-31.5872
1.14735	-31.6168
1.15586	-31.666
1.16476	-31.8344
1.17328	-31.9684
1.18046	-32.0592
1.18887	-32.1312
1.19794	-32.1568
1.20626	-32.1876
1.21472	-32.1728
1.224	-32.1616
1.23259	-32.142
1.24154	-32.0588
1.24954	-32
1.25801	-31.9184
1.26691	-31.914
1.27608	-31.8824
1.2859	-31.8288
1.2859	-31.7664
1.29524	-31.7312
1.29524	-31.7696
1.30404	-31.79
1.30404	-31.7968
1.31223	-31.7416
1.31223	-31.7568
1.32075	-31.8148
1.32946	-31.8756
1.33792	-31.8216
1.34697	-31.678
1.3561	-31.6064
1.3561	-31.54
1.36515	-31.4136
1.3755	-31.3372
1.45517	-31.2064
1.46524	-31.1224
1.47477	-31.0504
1.48454	-30.972
1.4955	-30.8616
1.50524	-30.6132
1.51486	-30.406
1.5615	-30.8536
1.57094	-30.8684
1.5812	-30.8528
1.5861	-30.8248
1.5861	-30.8028
1.61008	-30.6912
1.61543	-30.6036
1.62076	-30.4744
1.63927	-30.5144
1.64924	-30.548
1.65927	-30.6032
1.66852	-30.6744
1.67868	-30.784
1.68881	-30.9292
1.68881	-31.054
1.69948	-31.0616
1.70941	-31.0372
1.71893	-31.1236
1.72894	-31.038
1.73928	-31.0952
1.74962	-31.06
1.75946	-31.062
1.7692	-31.0356
1.78029	-30.9572
1.78971	-30.9284
1.80035	-30.9844
1.81142	-31.0492
1.82315	-31.0444
1.8333	-31.0452
1.84287	-31.1384
1.86251	-31.2244
1.87147	-31.2044
1.88188	-31.1904
1.89214	-31.1048
1.90198	-31.0352
1.91245	-30.9324
1.92203	-30.8292
1.93107	-30.5908
1.94026	-30.4624
1.94608	-30.312
1.95856	-30.308
1.96849	-30.2532
1.97799	-30.2448
1.98776	-30.23
1.99741	-30.21
2.00687	-30.1052
2.01653	-29.9572
2.01923	-29.8624
2.03356	-29.8748
2.04614	-29.8372
2.04614	-29.7996
2.0571	-29.6404
2.06824	-29.5708
2.07894	-29.6412
2.08846	-29.6832
2.0993	-29.7492
2.10836	-29.7792
2.11616	-29.8368
2.12776	-29.8812
2.13909	-30.016
2.14919	-30.1064
2.1594	-30.116
2.17028	-30.024
2.18181	-29.984
2.19224	-29.99
2.20231	-30.0324
2.21242	-30.2
2.22278	-30.3908
2.23314	-30.5716
2.2429	-30.584
2.25295	-30.5556
2.26302	-30.6676
2.27297	-30.7688
2.29293	-30.682
2.29293	-30.608
2.30303	-30.4748
2.31378	-30.3012
2.32376	-30.1432
2.33394	-30.0964
2.3545	-30.1232
2.3545	-30.0996
2.36483	-30.1556
2.37252	-30.1732
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2.39424	-30.4764
2.40558	-30.5296
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2.43401	-30.3168
2.4418	-30.296
2.45724	-30.3252
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2.52109	-30.356
2.53011	-30.534
2.54144	-30.708
2.55375	-30.7632
2.56417	-30.8272
2.57483	-30.894
2.58638	-30.8808
2.59745	-30.8524
2.60855	-30.8228
2.61946	-30.7372
2.63055	-30.7356
2.64107	-30.7968
2.65162	-30.7888
2.66191	-30.716
2.67243	-30.5204
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2.69378	-30.5832
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2.71562	-30.8152
2.72615	-30.9
2.73776	-30.9512
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2.77179	-30.9504
2.78387	-30.8692
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2.83709	-30.55
2.84742	-30.5444
2.85628	-30.4556
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