# Col du Dome, France Ice Core Data of 3H, 210Pb, 137Cs, and Major Ions over the Last Century #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38020 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-38020.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Ice Cores # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/europe/preunkert2023/preunkert2023-cdm-3h.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; CDM 3H Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-05-01 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-05-01 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Col du Dome, France Ice Core Data of 3H, 210Pb, 137Cs, and Major Ions over the Last Century #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Preunkert, S.; Legrand, M.; Bohleber, P.; Fischer, H.; Erhardt, T.; Purtschert, R.; Zipf, L.; Waldner, A.; McConnell, J.R. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Ice core data of 3H, 137Cs, 210Pb, and major ions over depth and time from the Col du Dome, France glacier site. Data is from cores C10, CDK, and CDM and some of the data comes from previous publications. Variable descriptions in the data tables will indicate original source publications if data isn't from Preunkert et al.(2023), doi: 10.5194/tc-2022-259. # Ice core samples were analyzed in the Institute for Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University (IUP), the division of Climate and Environmental Physics of the Physics Institute, University of Bern (CEP), the Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, now Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), and the Desert Research Institute in Reno (DRI). Major ions were analyzed with ion chromatography at IGE, whereas NO3- and NH4+ was measured with Continuous Flow Analysis at CEP and DRI. For 3H analysis liquid scintillation counting (CEP) and low-level gas counting (IUP) was used. For 210Pb alpha spectrometry was used at IUP. # Provided Keywords: Alpine Ice Cores, radioactive tracer, ice core chronology #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Preunkert, S., Bohleber, P., Legrand, M., Fischer, H., Gilbert, A., Erhardt, T., Purtschert, R., Zipf, L., Waldner, A., McConnell, J.R. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2023 # Published_Title: Impact of subsurface crevassing on the depth-age relationship of high-alpine ice cores extracted at Col du Dôme between 1994 and 2012 # Journal_Name: The Cryosphere # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/tc-2022-259 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Three seasonally-resolved ice-core records covering the 20th century were extracted in 1994, 2004 and 2012 at a nearly identical location at the Col du Dôme (4250 m above sea level, m asl, Mont Blanc, French Alps) drill site. Here we complete and combine chemical records of major ions and radiometric measurements of 3H and 210Pb obtained on these three cores together with a 3D ice flow model of the Col du Dôme glacier, to investigate in detail the origin of the discontinuities observed in the depth-age relation of the ice cores drilled in 2004 and 2012. Taking advantage of the granitic bedrock at Col du Dôme, which makes the 210Pb ice-core records sensitive to the presence of upstream crevasses, and the fact that the depth-age disturbances are observed at depths for which absolute time markers were available, we draw an overall picture of a dynamic crevasse formation which can explain the non-disturbed depth-age relation of the ice core drilled in 1994 as well as the perturbations observed in those drilled in 2004 and 2012. Since crevasses are common at high alpine glacier sites, our study points out the mandatory need of rigorous investigations of the depth-age scale before using high alpine sites to interpret atmospheric changes. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., and D. Wagenbach # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001 # Published_Title: Trends in a Col du Dôme (French Alps) Ice Core: A Record of Anthropogenic Sulfate Levels in the European Mid-Troposphere over the 20th Century # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 106 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 31991-32004 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2001JD000792 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A high-resolution sulfate record from a Col du Do^me (CDD, 4250 m above sea level, French Alps) ice core was used to investigate the impact of growing SO2 emissions on the midtroposphere sulfate levels over Europe since 1925. The large annual snow accumulation rate at the CDD site permits examination of the summer and winter sulfate trends separately. Being close to 80+/-10ngg-1 in preindustrial summer ice, sulfate CDD summer levels then increase at a mean rate of 6 ngg-1 per year from 1925 to 1960. From 1960 to 1980 the increase continued at a rate of 24 ngg-1 per year. Concentrations reach a maximum of 860 ngg-1 in 1980 and subsequently decrease to 600 ngg-1 in the 1990s. These summer sulfate changes closely follow the course of growing SO2 emissions from source regions located within 700-1000 km around the Alps (France, Italy, Spain, and to a lesser extent, former West Germany). In winter the CDD sulfate levels are 3 to 8 times lower than in summer because of more limited upward transport of air masses from the boundary layer at that season. Being close to 20 ngg-1 in the preindustrial ice, winter levels were regularly enhanced at a mean annual rate of 1.2 ngg-1 from 1925 to 1980. The weak winter change from the preindustrial era to 1980 (a factor of 4 instead of 10 in summer) reflects a limited contamination of the free troposphere which, in contrast to summer, occurs at a larger scale (total Europe/former USSR). Intimately connected to Europe, these long-term changes in the Alps clearly differ in time and amplitude with the ones revealed by Greenland ice cores which indicate an increase by a factor of 3 between 1880 and 1970 in relation with long-range transport of pollutants from Eurasia as well as from North America. Furthermore, because of a lower natural contribution to the total sulfate level the anthropogenic changes can be more accurately derived in the Alps than in Greenland. Using the observed relationship between present-day concentrations in air and snowpack, the CDD ice core record permits reconstruction of present and past atmospheric sulfate concentrations at 4300 m above sea level over Europe in summer and winter. These data are compared with the sulfate levels simulated by current global sulfur models at 600 hPa for which uncertainties still range within a factor of 2. Together with observations made at lower elevation in the early 1990s the atmospheric levels derived for the CDD site (~20 and 400 ngm-3 STP in winter and summer, respectively) documente the vertical sulfate distribution between the ground and 4300 m elevation over western Europe at that time. In this way, data gained at high-elevation Alpine sites are powerful in evaluating the recent role of sulfate aerosol in forcing the climate over Europe. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Preunkert, S., D. Wagenbach, and M. Legrand # Published_Date_or_Year: 2003 # Published_Title: A seasonally resolved Alpine ice core Record of Nitrate: Comparison with Anthropogenic Inventories and estimation of Pre-Industrial Emissions of NO from Europe # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 108 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2003JD003475 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Continuous high-resolution records from Col du Dôme (CDD, 4250 m above sea level, French Alps) ice cores were used to investigate the impact of growing NO emissions on the midtroposphere nitrate levels over Europe from 1925 to 1997. The large snow accumulation rate at the CDD site largely minimized diffusional and depositional perturbations of the nitrate record as commonly encountered in ice cores. That permits for the first time examination of the winter and summer trends separately with a high degree of confidence. Being close to 100 ng g-1 in 1925, summer levels increased at a mean rate of 2 ng g-1 per year from 1925 to 1960 and 8.5 ng g-1 yr-1 from 1960 to 1980. These summer nitrate changes follow rather well the course of growing NO emissions from source regions (France, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, denoted WE4) located 1000 km around the Alps as estimated by NMI and EDGAR-HYDE inventories. After 1980, the summer nitrate levels continue to increase at a slightly weaker rate than during the 1960–1980 time period. Such a lasting increase of nitrate levels is inconsistent with NO emission estimates, which indicate a decrease after 1993. The nitrate record shows a weaker increase (1 ng g-1 yr-1 from 1930 to 1990) in winter than in summer, corresponding to a lower contamination of the European wide midtroposphere as preferentially recorded in CDD winter samples. Using ice core and emission data, we calculate a preindustrial NO emission (including agricultural and natural emissions) of 0.8 ± 0.2 Mt NO2 per year for WE4 countries, which represents 15–20% of the recent NO emissions. These data would help to reduce existing uncertainties in NO inventories which represent key information to assess past and future ozone changes over Europe. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Fagerli, H., M. Legrand, S. Preunkert, V. Vestreng, D. Simpson, and M. Cerqueira # Published_Date_or_Year: 2007 # Published_Title: Modeling historical long-term trends of sulfate, ammonium, and elemental carbon over Europe: A comparison with ice core records in the Alps # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 112 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008044 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The regional EMEP chemical transport model has been run for the 1920–2003 period and the simulations compared to the long-term seasonally resolved trends of major inorganic aerosols (sulfate and ammonium) derived from ice cores extracted at Col du Dôme (CDD, 4250 m above sea level, French Alps). Source-receptor calculations have been performed in order to allocate the sources of air pollution arriving over the Alps. Spain, Italy, France, and Germany are found to be the main contributors at CDD in summer, accounting for 50% of sulfate and 75% of ammonium. In winter more European wide and trans-Atlantic contributions are found. The relative impact of these sources remains similar over the whole Alpine massif although transport from US and emissions from Spain contribute less as we move eastward from CDD, toward other alpine ice core drill sites like Colle Gnifetti (CG) in the Swiss Alps. For sulfate, the CDD ice core records and the simulated trends match very well. For ammonium, the trend simulated by the model and the summer ice core record are in reasonable agreement, both showing greater changes in ammonium concentrations than would be suggested by historical ammonia emissions. Motivated by a such good agreement between simulations of past atmospheric concentrations and ice core records for inorganic aerosol species, we also use the model to simulate trends in elemental carbon for which less information on past emission inventories are available. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Legrand, M., S. Preunkert, B. May, J. Guilhermet, H. Hoffmann, and D. Wagenbach # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Major 20th century changes of the content and chemical speciation of organic carbon archived in Alpine ice cores: implications for the long-term change of organic aerosol over Europe # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 118 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50202 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and an extended array of organic compounds were investigated in an Alpine ice core covering the 1920-1988 time period. Based on this, a reconstruction was made of the long-term trends of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol in the European atmosphere. It is shown that light mono- and dicarboxylates, humic-like substances, and formaldehyde account together for more than half of the DOC content of ice. This extended chemical speciation of DOC is used to estimate the DOC fraction present in ice that is related to WSOC aerosol and its change over the past. It is suggested that after World War II, the WSOC levels have been enhanced by a factor of 2 and 3 in winter and summer, respectively. In summer, the fossil fuel contribution to the enhancement is estimated to be rather small, suggesting that it arises mainly from an increase in biogenic sources of WSOC. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Community # Grant: ENV4-CT97, ALPCLIM, EVK2 CT2001-00113, CARBOSOL #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Region Rhône-Alpes # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Centre National de Recherche Scientifique -LEFE-CHAT and Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie # Grant: ESCCARGO #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1925417 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Col du Dome glacier # Location: France # Northernmost_Latitude: 45.84 # Southernmost_Latitude: 45.84 # Easternmost_Longitude: 6.85 # Westernmost_Longitude: 6.85 # Elevation_m: 4250 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: CDM 3H Preunkert2023 # First_Year: # Last_Year: # Time_Unit: # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: hydrogen isotopes # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_top depth at sample end,,,meter,,ice cores,,,N, ## depth_bottom depth at sample start,,,meter,,ice cores,,,N, ## 3H 3H,bulk ice,,tritium unit,,ice cores,,luminescence spectroscopy,N,data are corrected for 2012 ## 3H_err 3H,bulk ice,unspecified error,tritium unit,,ice cores,,luminescence spectroscopy,N,data are corrected for 2012; measurement error #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: na depth_top depth_bottom 3H 3H_err 87.29 88.09 183.13 9.73 89.49 90.35 26.70 2.31 90.35 91.36 6.42 1.22 91.36 92.11 15.55 1.63 92.11 92.49 38.80 2.74 93.29 94.19 162.71 8.81 94.19 95.03 76.27 4.61 95.03 95.90 21.69 2.08 96.34 97.07 1.56 1.07 97.07 97.80 1.53 1.08 97.80 98.69 1.63 0.97 98.69 99.62 0.62 0.87 99.62 100.43 0.92 1.06 100.43 101.33 1.10 0.92 102.63 103.51 -0.01 0.88 104.38 104.95 1.48 1.12