# EPICA Dome C - 800KYr CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/6091 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-6091.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Ice cores # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/xgzs-gd10 # # Science_Keywords: #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/epica_domec/edc-monnin-co2-2008-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Carbon Dioxide Data for 0-22 kyr BP on EDC3 timescale # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2008-07-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2022-08-09 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: EPICA Dome C - 800KYr CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lüthi, D.; Le Floch, M.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Barnola, J.M.; Siegenthaler, U.; Raynaud, D.; Jouzel, J.; Fischer, H.; Kawamura, K.; Stocker, T.F. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Carbon dioxide record from the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome C ice core covering 611 to 800 kyr BP, plus synchronization of CO2 data from Vostok, Taylor Dome, and other EPICA Dome C records to the EDC3 timescale and a composite CO2 record from 0-800 kyr BP based on EPICA Dome C and Vostok. These data also available from the Nature Supplementary Materials for Luthi et al. (2008). NOTE: These data have been revised for an analytical bias as described by Bereiter et al. 2015. Please see the revised EDC and Antarctic composite CO2 records at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/17975. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J.-M. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T.F. Stocker # Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-05-15 # Published_Title: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 453 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 379-382 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/nature06949 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Changes in past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can be determined by measuring the composition of air trapped in ice cores from Antarctica. So far, the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores have provided a composite record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over the past 650,000 years. Here we present results of the lowest 200 m of the Dome C ice core, extending the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by two complete glacial cycles to 800,000 yr before present. From previously published data and the present work, we find that atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout eight glacial cycles but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 yr before present. Carbon dioxide levels are below 180 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) for a period of 3,000 yr during Marine Isotope Stage 16, possibly reflecting more pronounced oceanic carbon storage. We report the lowest carbon dioxide concentration measured in an ice core, which extends the pre-industrial range of carbon dioxide concentrations during the late Quaternary by about 10 p.p.m.v. to 172–300 p.p.m.v. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Indermühle, A., E. Monnin, B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker, and M. Wahlen # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-03-01 # Published_Title: Atmospheric CO2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome ice core, Antarctica # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 27 # Edition: # Issue: 5 # Pages: 735-738 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/1999GL010960 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A high-resolution record of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from 60 to 20 thousand years before present (kyr BP) based on measurements on the ice core of Taylor Dome, Antarctica is presented. This record shows four distinct peaks of 20 parts per million by volume (ppmv) on a millennial time scale. Good correlation of the CO2 record with temperature reconstructions based on stable isotope measurements on the Vostok ice core (Antarctica) is found. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Petit, J.-R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999-06-03 # Published_Title: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 399 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 429–436 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/20859 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial–interglacial cycles. The succession of changes through each climate cycle and termination was similar, and atmospheric and climate properties oscillated between stable bounds. Interglacial periods differed in temporal evolution and duration. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane correlate well with Antarctic air-temperature throughout the record. Present-day atmospheric burdens of these two important greenhouse gases seem to have been unprecedented during the past 420,000 years. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Pépin, L., D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola, M.-F. Loutre # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-12-16 # Published_Title: Hemispheric roles of climate forcings during glacial-interglacial transitions as deduced from the Vostok record and LLN-2D model experiments # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 106 # Edition: # Issue: D23 # Pages: 31885-31892 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900117 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The Vostok ice contains fingerprints of atmospheric greenhouse trace gases, Antarctic temperature, Northern Hemisphere temperature, and global ice volume/sea level changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycles and thus allows us to investigate the sequences of these climatic events, in particular during the transitions from full glacial to interglacial conditions. The use of the updated CO2 record presented here and a reexamination of the sea level proxy confirm that the succession of changes has been similar through each of the four marked transitions found at Vostok. Antarctic air temperature and CO2 increase in parallel and almost synchronously, while the rapid warmings over Greenland take place during the last half of their change and coincide with the marked decay in continental ice volume. The Vostok results thus emphasize a fundamental difference between South and North in terms of climate dynamics. Our results confirm the role of CO2 as an important amplifier of the glacial-interglacial warming in the South. It appears also that the marked warming observed at high northern latitudes (lagging behind the CO2 increase by several thousand years) is roughly synchronous with the decay of the northern ice sheets, suggesting a major role of climatic feedback due to this decay. Such a climatic scenario is supported by sensitivity experiments performed with the LLN 2-D model forced by the Northern Hemisphere insolation and CO2. Model results indicate that the decay of the northern ice sheets and the Northern Hemisphere temperature depend primarily on the northern summer insolation. These results, nevertheless, could be affected if mechanisms specific to the Southern Hemisphere appear to play a major role in driving the Northern Hemisphere climate. The model also helps to constrain the time response of ice volume to insolation and CO2 changes. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Raynaud, D., J.-M. Barnola, R. Souchez, R. Lourrain, J.-R. Petit, P. Duval, V.Y. Lipenkov # Published_Date_or_Year: 2005-07-06 # Published_Title: The record for marine isotopic stage 11 # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 436 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 39-40 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/43639b # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The marine isotopic stage 11 (MIS 11) is an extraordinarily long interglacial period in the Earth's history that occurred some 400,000 years ago and lasted for about 30,000 years. During this period there were weak, astronomically induced changes in the distribution of solar energy reaching the Earth. The conditions of this orbital climate forcing are similar to those of today's interglacial period, and they rendered the climate susceptible to other forcing--for example, to changes in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here we use ice-core data from the Antarctic Vostok core to reconstruct a complete atmospheric carbon dioxide record for MIS 11. The record indicates that values for carbon dioxide throughout the interglacial period were close to the Earth's pre-industrial levels and that both solar energy and carbon dioxide may have helped to make MIS 11 exceptionally long. Anomalies in the oceanic carbonate system recorded in marine sediments at the time, for example while coral reefs were forming, apparently left no signature on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Siegenthaler, U., T.F. Stocker, E. Monnin, D. Lüthi, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola, H. Fischer, V. Masson-Delmotte, J. Jouzel # Published_Date_or_Year: 2005-11-25 # Published_Title: Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 310 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1313-1317 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.1120130 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured on the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome Concordia ice core extends the Vostok CO2 record back to 650,000 years before the present (yr B.P.). Before 430,000 yr B.P., partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 lies within the range of 260 and 180 parts per million by volume. This range is almost 30% smaller than that of the last four glacial cycles; however, the apparent sensitivity between deuterium and CO2 remains stable throughout the six glacial cycles, suggesting that the relationship between CO2 and Antarctic climate remained rather constant over this interval. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Monnin, E., A. Indermühle, A. Dällenbach, J. Flückiger, B. Stauffer, T. F. Stocker, D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001 # Published_Title: Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 291 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 112-114 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5501.112 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Flückiger, J., E. Monnin, B. Stauffer, J. Schwander, T.F. Stocker, J. Chappellaz, D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola # Published_Date_or_Year: 2002-03-01 # Published_Title: High resolution Holocene N2O ice core record and its relationship with CH4 and CO2 # Journal_Name: Global Biogeochemical Cycles # Volume: 16 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: # Report_Number: 1010 # DOI: 10.1029/2001GB001417 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration records exist for the last 1000 years and for time periods of rapid climatic changes like the transition from the last glacial to today's interglacial and for one of the fast climate variations during the last ice age. Little is known, however, about possible N2O variations during the more stable climate of the present interglacial (Holocene) spanning the last 11 thousand years. Here we fill this gap with a high-resolution N2O record measured along the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C Antarctic ice core. On the same ice we obtained high-resolution methane and carbon dioxide records. This provides the unique opportunity to compare variations of the three most important greenhouse gases (after water vapor) without any uncertainty in their relative timing. The CO2 and CH4 records are in good agreement with previous measurements on other ice cores. The N2O concentration started to decrease in the early Holocene and reached minimum values around 8 ka (<260 ppbv) before a slow increase to its preindustrial concentration of ~265 ppbv. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Monnin, E., E.J. Steig, U. Siegenthaler, K. Kawamura, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, T.F. Stocker, D.L. Morse, J.-M. Barnola, B. Bellier, D. Raynaud, and H. Fischer # Published_Date_or_Year: 2004-07-30 # Published_Title: Evidence for substantial accumulation rate variability in Antarctica during the Holocene, through synchronization of CO2 in the Taylor Dome, Dome C and DML ice cores # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 224 # Edition: # Issue: 1-2 # Pages: 45-54 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.007 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: High resolution records of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the Holocene are obtained from the Dome Concordia and Dronning Maud Land (Antarctica) ice cores. These records confirm that the CO2 concentration varied between 260 and 280 ppmv in the Holocene as measured in the Taylor Dome ice core. However, there are differences in the CO2 records most likely caused by mismatches in timescales. Matching the Taylor Dome timescale to the Dome C timescale by synchronization of CO2 indicates that the accumulation rate at Taylor Dome increased through the Holocene by a factor of two and bears little resemblance to the stable isotope record used as a proxy for temperature. This result shows that different locations experienced substantially different accumulation changes, and casts doubt on the often-used assumption that accumulation rate scales with the saturation vapor pressure as a function of temperature, at least for coastal locations. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission # Grant: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation # Grant: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: University of Bern # Grant: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss Federal Office of Energy # Grant: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: ANR France (Agence nationale pour la Recherche) # Grant: programme PICC #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: EPICA Dome C # Location: Antarctica # Northernmost_Latitude: -75.1 # Southernmost_Latitude: -75.1 # Easternmost_Longitude: 123.4 # Westernmost_Longitude: 123.4 # Elevation_m: 3240 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: EDC-Monnin CO2 Luthi2008 # Earliest_Year: 22015 # Most_Recent_Year: 137 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: atmospheric gas # Notes: EDC3 gas age timescale applied to CO2 data originally published by Monnin et al. 2001 (NOAA/WDS-Paleo study 2449; https://doi.org/10.25921/ggj5-vt17), Flückiger et al. 2002 (NOAA/WDS-Paleo study 2457; https://doi.org/10.25921/f11s-s467), and Monnin et al. 2004 (NOAA/WDS-Paleo study 2479; https://doi.org/10.25921/aktb-0t39) #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/PaST-thesaurus/SKOS/past-thesaurus-v1.0.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Variables format: Short_name what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method,data_format,additional_information # ## Depth depth,,,meter,,ice cores;climate forcing,,,N, ## gas_ageBP gas age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores;climate forcing,,,N,EDC3_gas_age ## CO2 carbon dioxide,bulk atmosphere,,parts per million,,ice cores;climate forcing,,,N,measured at University of Bern; Monnin et al. 2001; Flückiger et al. 2002; Monnin et al. 2004 ## CO2_1s carbon dioxide,bulk atmosphere,one standard deviation,parts per million,,ice cores;climate forcing,,,N,measured at University of Bern; Monnin et al. 2001; Flückiger et al. 2002; Monnin et al. 2004 # #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: Depth gas_ageBP CO2 CO2_1s 102.83 137 280.4 1.8 106.89 268 274.9 0.7 107.20 279 277.9 0.7 110.25 395 279.1 1.3 110.50 404 281.9 1.1 113.27 485 277.7 0.7 115.48 559 281.1 1.1 118.62 672 282.2 0.5 121.50 754 280.1 0.6 124.82 877 278.4 1.5 127.02 950 276.6 1.4 129.75 1060 279.1 1 132.50 1153 277.7 1.2 134.72 1233 278.7 1.2 138.02 1350 277.4 0.8 141.30 1453 279.2 0.9 144.05 1552 280.0 0.8 146.27 1638 278.9 0.8 149.02 1733 278.7 0.7 151.20 1812 278.0 1.2 154.50 1931 276.9 0.7 157.82 2057 276.7 0.8 160.03 2128 276.7 0.8 162.17 2212 277.6 1.3 165.52 2334 277.9 0.5 168.28 2433 273.9 1.1 171.00 2536 278.9 0.6 173.14 2604 275.3 1.6 176.52 2728 274.7 1.2 178.72 2806 276.3 0.9 181.45 2902 274.6 0.8 185.85 3053 276.3 1.5 187.52 3116 273.1 1.1 189.72 3215 274.0 0.3 193.00 3336 275.0 0.6 196.30 3453 273.4 1.3 198.52 3523 273.0 0.8 201.28 3622 271.5 1 204.00 3721 275.4 0.5 206.20 3790 274.9 1.3 209.52 3910 271.7 1 212.27 4004 271.6 0.7 215.00 4096 272.8 0.8 216.65 4161 271.5 0.9 221.05 4324 271.1 0.8 222.72 4374 269.1 0.6 225.48 4480 269.8 1 228.20 4573 271.5 0.8 232.05 4703 270.7 0.5 233.72 4766 269.3 1 236.47 4874 268.6 1.1 240.27 5004 269.8 1.2 242.50 5094 267.6 0.6 244.72 5160 265.3 1.7 248.02 5274 265.2 0.8 250.72 5370 267.6 2 253.50 5476 265.9 0.9 256.27 5562 265.5 0.8 259.02 5657 260.7 1.6 260.65 5716 266.7 0.9 264.50 5855 265.5 0.8 268.37 5998 263.2 0.6 269.42 6039 262.7 0.9 272.20 6131 261.2 0.7 276.07 6263 261.1 0.4 278.27 6354 259.4 0.6 280.53 6434 262.1 0.9 283.72 6545 262.9 0.5 285.97 6617 258.1 1.4 288.17 6713 257.6 0.9 292.00 6838 262.3 0.9 294.75 6941 263.0 0.7 297.52 7028 260.7 0.6 299.72 7112 258.4 0.8 303.00 7234 260.1 0.6 305.75 7320 260.4 0.4 308.52 7413 259.7 0.9 311.26 7507 259.2 0.7 314.00 7590 260.8 1.4 316.75 7691 259.6 0.5 319.52 7781 259.3 0.9 322.27 7876 258.3 1.2 325.00 7990 261.3 0.9 326.55 8050 260.7 0.4 330.50 8181 261.8 1 333.27 8281 259.0 1.1 336.02 8387 260.9 0.7 338.65 8477 260.4 0.6 341.50 8579 259.3 1 343.72 8653 262.0 0.8 347.02 8784 263.7 1.2 349.75 8869 263.8 0.8 352.58 8973 265.2 0.9 355.82 9092 260.6 1.7 357.47 9140 260.9 0.6 360.20 9232 263.0 0.4 362.98 9317 263.8 1.2 369.55 9536 264.4 0.4 371.23 9597 264.2 0.9 375.05 9721 264.0 0.3 377.27 9807 263.4 0.1 380.00 9909 265.7 0.5 382.22 9983 264.9 0.4 385.13 10088 267.5 0.4 388.23 10209 266.9 0.6 390.45 10294 266.0 1.1 393.78 10417 265.1 1.6 396.50 10527 267.6 0.7 399.28 10621 264.8 0.6 402.00 10744 264.8 0.4 404.19 10805 265.0 0.8 404.78 10827 265.3 0.4 406.39 10895 264.4 1.5 407.50 10933 264.1 0.7 409.70 11014 264.2 1.1 411.38 11087 264.5 0.4 413.03 11136 264.0 0.5 414.75 11201 263.0 1.3 415.73 11236 265.2 0.8 417.07 11278 258.8 0.7 418.53 11338 260.8 0.5 420.49 11392 255.4 0.3 421.80 11436 253.9 0.6 422.90 11469 253.8 0.8 426.10 11580 250.7 1.1 427.33 11635 249.7 0.4 428.30 11676 251.1 0.3 429.50 11727 250.7 0.9 431.73 11819 245.3 1.1 433.79 11896 245.3 0.6 435.00 11958 246.6 0.5 437.23 12050 243.2 0.4 438.85 12122 240.3 0.3 443.80 12371 237.5 0.5 446.03 12496 237.6 0.6 448.75 12642 234.2 0.3 450.98 12760 238.3 1.1 454.25 12942 237.3 0.5 457.03 13090 237.9 0.2 459.90 13241 237.6 0.6 463.63 13440 236.4 0.9 465.25 13542 239.2 0.5 467.45 13653 238.6 0.6 470.20 13804 238.6 0.3 473.06 13948 239.1 0.4 479.71 14303 228.5 0.6 484.10 14550 228.4 0.7 487.25 14725 226.1 0.6 490.03 14890 225.2 0.5 492.20 15012 224.5 0.6 496.07 15233 222.0 0.8 499.35 15438 221.0 0.8 501.58 15570 220.9 0.5 504.20 15742 219.4 0.6 506.53 15886 214.0 0.8 509.25 16073 207.5 0.9 512.03 16260 207.7 0.5 514.75 16452 202.9 0.7 517.53 16659 200.8 1 520.25 16870 195.2 0.3 523.03 17111 193.9 0.5 526.30 17375 191.0 0.5 528.53 17565 188.5 0.7 531.25 17809 188.5 0.7 532.93 17943 189.2 0.4 536.75 18285 187.0 0.2 539.53 18541 188.6 0.5 542.90 18828 189.4 0.4 543.35 18868 192.3 0.6 543.93 18921 188.3 0.6 548.85 19347 188.7 0.2 550.51 19509 188.8 0.5 553.25 19748 190.0 0.8 556.03 19988 188.0 0.9 557.89 20168 188.2 0.7 558.20 20197 195.0 0.7 561.53 20502 187.8 0.4 564.26 20748 186.9 0.3 567.03 21011 186.5 0.3 569.75 21257 184.7 1.2 572.53 21507 186.1 0.4 576.33 21854 185.7 1.3 578.11 22015 184.4 0.8