# Swiss 567 Year Grape Harvest Date Spring/Summer Temperature Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17616 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/switzerland/swiss-summer-temp2013.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Reconstruction #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2014-12-10 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Swiss 567 Year Grape Harvest Date Spring/Summer Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Wetter, O.; Pfister, C. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: 567-yr long reconstruction of spring-summer (AMJJ) temperatures from documentary-based grape # harvest starting dates (GHD). The new Swiss GHD series is composed from four different kinds of GHD; # (a) (institutional) wage payment data (WPD) (b) (Institutional) grape harvest ban related data (GHBD) # (c) (individual) historic phenological data (HPD) (d) (institutional) phenological network observation (PNO). # Assessments of full grape maturity in 1540 is drawn from HPD in combination with narrative information. # Temperature reconstruction via linear regression between measured temperatures and GHD proxy data series. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: O. Wetter and C. Pfister # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-01-14 # Published_Title: An underestimated record breaking event - why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003 # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: 9 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: 41-56 # DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-41-2013 # Online_Resource: http://www.clim-past.net/9/41/2013/cp-9-41-2013.html # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The heat of summer 2003 in Western and Central Europe was claimed to be unprecedented since the Middle Ages on the basis of grape harvest data (GHD) and late wood maximum density (MXD) data from trees in the Alps. This paper shows that the authors of these studies overlooked the fact that the heat and drought in Switzerland in 1540 likely exceeded the amplitude of the previous hottest summer of 2003, because the persistent temperature and precipitation anomaly in that year, described in an abundant and coherent body of documentary evidence, severely affected the reliability of GHD and tree-rings as proxy-indicators for temperature estimates. Spring-summer (AMJJ) temperature anomalies of 4.7C to 6.8C being significantly higher than in 2003 were assessed for 1540 from a new long Swiss GHD series (1444 to 2011). During the climax of the heat wave in early August the grapes desiccated on the vine, which caused many vine-growers to interrupt or postpone the harvest despite full grape maturity until after the next spell of rain. Likewise, the leaves of many trees withered and fell to the ground under extreme drought stress as would usually be expected in late autumn. It remains to be determined by further research whether and how far this result obtained from local analyses can be spatially extrapolated. Based on the temperature estimates for Switzerland it is assumed from a great number of coherent qualitative documentary evidence about the outstanding heat drought in 1540 that AMJJ temperatures were likely more extreme in neighbouring regions of Western and Central Europe than in 2003. Considering the significance of soil moisture deficits for record breaking heat waves, these results still need to be validated with estimated seasonal precipitation. It is concluded that biological proxy data may not properly reveal record breaking heat and drought events. Such assessments thus need to be complemented with the critical study of contemporary evidence from documentary sources which provide coherent and detailed data about weather extremes and related impacts on human, ecological and social systems. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation # Grant: 100011-120157 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Oeschger Centre for Climatic Change Research (OCCR) # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: University of Bern # Grant: H.A. Vogelin-Bienz-Stiftung, Josephine de Karman-Stiftung, Institute of History #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Swiss GHD # Location: Europe>Western Europe>Switzerland # Country: Switzerland # Northernmost_Latitude: 47.8 # Southernmost_Latitude: 46.5 # Easternmost_Longitude: 9.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: 6.4 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Swiss2013temp # Earliest_Year: 1444 # Most_Recent_Year: 2011 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##age_AD age, , , AD, , , , ,N ##GHD Grape Harvest Date, , , Day of Year, , Historical, Gregorian Calendar, ,N ##tempanom-AMJJ surface temperature anomaly, , , Deg C, April-July, Reconstruction, , ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # age_AD GHD tempanom-AMJJ 1444 272 1.89 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 284 0.76 1459 1460 1461 280 1.13 1462 295 -0.28 1463 295 -0.28 1464 278 1.32 1465 299 -0.65 1466 288 0.38 1467 288 0.38 1468 297 -0.47 1469 278 1.32 1470 297 -0.47 1471 270 2.07 1472 1473 265 2.54 1474 299 -0.65 1475 291 0.10 1476 277 1.42 1477 288 0.38 1478 283 0.85 1479 276 1.51 1480 303 -1.03 1481 311 -1.78 1482 277 1.42 1483 276 1.51 1484 286 0.57 1485 306 -1.31 1486 282 0.95 1487 1488 303 -1.03 1489 1490 291 0.10 1491 1492 280 1.13 1493 297 -0.47 1494 279 1.23 1495 278 1.32 1496 298 -0.56 1497 287 0.47 1498 288 0.38 1499 286 0.57 1500 272 1.89 1501 284 0.76 1502 284 0.76 1503 276 1.51 1504 277 1.42 1505 298 -0.56 1506 288 0.38 1507 276 1.51 1508 298 -0.56 1509 286 0.57 1510 289 0.29 1511 288 0.38 1512 288 0.38 1513 290 0.19 1514 291 0.10 1515 296 -0.37 1516 276 1.51 1517 280 1.13 1518 283 0.85 1519 291 0.10 1520 278 1.32 1521 277 1.42 1522 294 -0.18 1523 285 0.66 1524 287 0.47 1525 1526 284 0.76 1527 310 -1.69 1528 292 0.00 1529 306 -1.31 1530 289 0.29 1531 301 -0.84 1532 1533 292 0.00 1534 280 1.13 1535 287 0.47 1536 1537 1538 269 2.17 1539 283 0.85 1540 237 5.18 1541 1542 320 -2.63 1543 300 -0.75 1544 295 -0.28 1545 282 0.95 1546 283 0.85 1547 302 -0.94 1548 293 -0.09 1549 280 1.13 1550 294 -0.18 1551 285 0.66 1552 278 1.32 1553 290 0.19 1554 283 0.85 1555 297 -0.47 1556 266 2.45 1557 290 0.19 1558 283 0.85 1559 273 1.79 1560 288 0.38 1561 277 1.42 1562 280 1.13 1563 296 -0.37 1564 290 0.19 1565 289 0.29 1566 279 1.23 1567 283 0.85 1568 294 -0.18 1569 296 -0.37 1570 301 -0.84 1571 275 1.60 1572 283 0.85 1573 308 -1.50 1574 287 0.47 1575 289 0.29 1576 298 -0.56 1577 294 -0.18 1578 291 0.10 1579 304 -1.12 1580 287 0.47 1581 290 0.19 1582 283 0.85 1583 276 1.51 1584 283 0.85 1585 295 -0.28 1586 288 0.38 1587 306 -1.31 1588 292 0.00 1589 1590 276 1.51 1591 293 -0.09 1592 303 -1.03 1593 297 -0.47 1594 301 -0.84 1595 290 0.19 1596 301 -0.84 1597 302 -0.94 1598 285 0.66 1599 272 1.89 1600 306 -1.31 1601 299 -0.65 1602 287 0.47 1603 282 0.95 1604 283 0.85 1605 282 0.95 1606 299 -0.65 1607 290 0.19 1608 297 -0.47 1609 291 0.10 1610 280 1.13 1611 273 1.79 1612 294 -0.18 1613 293 -0.09 1614 298 -0.56 1615 283 0.85 1616 268 2.26 1617 304 -1.12 1618 302 -0.94 1619 285 0.66 1620 295 -0.28 1621 307 -1.41 1622 295 -0.28 1623 285 0.66 1624 275 1.60 1625 296 -0.37 1626 287 0.47 1627 308 -1.50 1628 318 -2.44 1629 280 1.13 1630 285 0.66 1631 284 0.76 1632 305 -1.22 1633 297 -0.47 1634 290 0.19 1635 291 0.10 1636 277 1.42 1637 273 1.79 1638 272 1.89 1639 295 -0.28 1640 295 -0.28 1641 296 -0.37 1642 307 -1.41 1643 299 -0.65 1644 281 1.04 1645 282 0.95 1646 290 0.19 1647 289 0.29 1648 296 -0.37 1649 304 -1.12 1650 298 -0.56 1651 286 0.57 1652 294 -0.18 1653 276 1.51 1654 298 -0.56 1655 291 0.10 1656 292 0.00 1657 286 0.57 1658 295 -0.28 1659 280 1.13 1660 278 1.32 1661 284 0.76 1662 296 -0.37 1663 300 -0.75 1664 292 0.00 1665 284 0.76 1666 279 1.23 1667 302 -0.94 1668 288 0.38 1669 281 1.04 1670 293 -0.09 1671 288 0.38 1672 294 -0.18 1673 307 -1.41 1674 294 -0.18 1675 317 -2.35 1676 279 1.23 1677 299 -0.65 1678 285 0.66 1679 288 0.38 1680 289 0.29 1681 289 0.29 1682 301 -0.84 1683 287 0.47 1684 275 1.60 1685 291 0.10 1686 276 1.51 1687 293 -0.09 1688 296 -0.37 1689 300 -0.75 1690 298 -0.56 1691 291 0.10 1692 314 -2.06 1693 295 -0.28 1694 289 0.29 1695 313 -1.97 1696 299 -0.65 1697 294 -0.18 1698 320 -2.63 1699 303 -1.03 1700 308 -1.50 1701 292 0.00 1702 298 -0.56 1703 297 -0.47 1704 279 1.23 1705 305 -1.22 1706 280 1.13 1707 294 -0.18 1708 284 0.76 1709 289 0.29 1710 284 0.76 1711 299 -0.65 1712 286 0.57 1713 300 -0.75 1714 300 -0.75 1715 283 0.85 1716 303 -1.03 1717 291 0.10 1718 264 2.64 1719 275 1.60 1720 305 -1.22 1721 291 0.10 1722 284 0.76 1723 284 0.76 1724 287 0.47 1725 299 -0.65 1726 272 1.89 1727 287 0.47 1728 284 0.76 1729 288 0.38 1730 295 -0.28 1731 289 0.29 1732 288 0.38 1733 286 0.57 1734 286 0.57 1735 291 0.10 1736 286 0.57 1737 287 0.47 1738 284 0.76 1739 289 0.29 1740 298 -0.56 1741 294 -0.18 1742 303 -1.03 1743 300 -0.75 1744 294 -0.18 1745 295 -0.28 1746 286 0.57 1747 288 0.38 1748 292 0.00 1749 291 0.10 1750 289 0.29 1751 300 -0.75 1752 298 -0.56 1753 289 0.29 1754 294 -0.18 1755 289 0.29 1756 300 -0.75 1757 294 -0.18 1758 296 -0.37 1759 281 1.04 1760 280 1.13 1761 284 0.76 1762 282 0.95 1763 294 -0.18 1764 290 0.19 1765 295 -0.28 1766 294 -0.18 1767 302 -0.94 1768 293 -0.09 1769 294 -0.18 1770 298 -0.56 1771 288 0.38 1772 289 0.29 1773 301 -0.84 1774 283 0.85 1775 290 0.19 1776 292 0.00 1777 292 0.00 1778 284 0.76 1779 282 0.95 1780 280 1.13 1781 275 1.60 1782 286 0.57 1783 283 0.85 1784 282 0.95 1785 298 -0.56 1786 290 0.19 1787 294 -0.18 1788 275 1.60 1789 290 0.19 1790 287 0.47 1791 283 0.85 1792 290 0.19 1793 281 1.04 1794 268 2.26 1795 280 1.13 1796 293 -0.09 1797 282 0.95 1798 283 0.85 1799 300 -0.75 1800 278 1.32 1801 282 0.95 1802 276 1.51 1803 287 0.47 1804 284 0.76 1805 300 -0.75 1806 286 0.57 1807 273 1.79 1808 287 0.47 1809 300 -0.75 1810 287 0.47 1811 275 1.60 1812 298 -0.56 1813 297 -0.47 1814 294 -0.18 1815 284 0.76 1816 307 -1.41 1817 294 -0.18 1818 281 1.04 1819 280 1.13 1820 290 0.19 1821 300 -0.75 1822 255 3.48 1823 293 -0.09 1824 291 0.10 1825 279 1.23 1826 281 1.04 1827 280 1.13 1828 282 0.95 1829 292 0.00 1830 285 0.66 1831 287 0.47 1832 291 0.10 1833 285 0.66 1834 269 2.17 1835 287 0.47 1836 290 0.19 1837 291 0.10 1838 288 0.38 1839 283 0.85 1840 284 0.76 1841 280 1.13 1842 275 1.60 1843 298 -0.56 1844 284 0.76 1845 293 -0.09 1846 270 2.07 1847 288 0.38 1848 280 1.13 1849 281 1.04 1850 290 0.19 1851 292 0.00 1852 285 0.66 1853 292 0.00 1854 284 0.76 1855 288 0.38 1856 288 0.38 1857 283 0.85 1858 280 1.13 1859 277 1.42 1860 294 -0.18 1861 279 1.23 1862 272 1.89 1863 280 1.13 1864 282 0.95 1865 262 2.83 1866 287 0.47 1867 283 0.85 1868 263 2.73 1869 286 0.57 1870 277 1.42 1871 292 0.00 1872 295 -0.28 1873 281 1.04 1874 292 0.00 1875 277 1.42 1876 295 -0.28 1877 288 0.38 1878 287 0.47 1879 302 -0.94 1880 285 0.66 1881 276 1.51 1882 1883 1884 1885 281 1.04 1886 283 0.85 1887 287 0.47 1888 284 0.76 1889 286 0.57 1890 290 0.19 1891 291 0.10 1892 286 0.57 1893 276 1.51 1894 291 0.10 1895 286 0.57 1896 292 0.00 1897 280 1.13 1898 293 -0.09 1899 291 0.10 1900 287 0.47 1901 279 1.23 1902 295 -0.28 1903 288 0.38 1904 279 1.23 1905 284 0.76 1906 294 -0.18 1907 293 -0.09 1908 281 1.04 1909 286 0.57 1910 290 0.19 1911 281 1.04 1912 290 0.19 1913 289 0.29 1914 295 -0.28 1915 280 1.13 1916 299 -0.65 1917 275 1.60 1918 293 -0.09 1919 294 -0.18 1920 279 1.23 1921 278 1.32 1922 290 0.19 1923 300 -0.75 1924 290 0.19 1925 292 0.00 1926 300 -0.75 1927 284 0.76 1928 291 0.10 1929 288 0.38 1930 291 0.10 1931 293 -0.09 1932 300 -0.75 1933 297 -0.47 1934 275 1.60 1935 292 0.00 1936 292 0.00 1937 282 0.95 1938 297 -0.47 1939 305 -1.22 1940 287 0.47 1941 299 -0.65 1942 286 0.57 1943 283 0.85 1944 297 -0.47 1945 269 2.17 1946 287 0.47 1947 276 1.51 1948 293 -0.09 1949 287 0.47 1950 280 1.13 1951 297 -0.47 1952 280 1.13 1953 281 1.04 1954 299 -0.65 1955 291 0.10 1956 298 -0.56 1957 291 0.10 1958 289 0.29 1959 286 0.57 1960 289 0.29 1961 287 0.47 1962 295 -0.28 1963 295 -0.28 1964 283 0.85 1965 299 -0.65 1966 288 0.38 1967 288 0.38 1968 291 0.10 1969 288 0.38 1970 296 -0.37 1971 290 0.19 1972 293 -0.09 1973 291 0.10 1974 299 -0.65 1975 285 0.66 1976 284 0.76 1977 300 -0.75 1978 303 -1.03 1979 290 0.19 1980 306 -1.31 1981 282 0.95 1982 285 0.66 1983 283 0.85 1984 298 -0.56 1985 290 0.19 1986 288 0.38 1987 300 -0.75 1988 288 0.38 1989 281 1.04 1990 287 0.47 1991 290 0.19 1992 283 0.85 1993 282 0.95 1994 283 0.85 1995 294 -0.18 1996 295 -0.28 1997 291 0.10 1998 289 0.29 1999 291 0.10 2000 283 0.85 2001 291 0.10 2002 286 0.57 2003 262 2.83 2004 292 0.00 2005 284 0.76 2006 284 0.76 2007 276 1.51 2008 291 0.10 2009 278 1.32 2010 289 0.29 2011 276 1.51