Stockholm Winter/Spring 500 Year Temperature Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Stockholm Winter/Spring 500 Year Temperature Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 2/2020 (Information about anomaly period added in Description section. Data values unchanged.) CONTRIBUTORS: Leijonhufvud, L., R. Wilson, A. Moberg, J. Söderberg, D. Retsö, and U. Söderlind. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-042 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Leijonhufvud, L., et al. 2010. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-042. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Leijonhufvud, L., R. Wilson, A. Moberg, J. Söderberg, D. Retsö, and U. Söderlind. 2010. Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations. Climatic Change, Published online 28 August 2009. DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9650-y ABSTRACT: Historical documentary sources, reflecting different port activities in Stockholm, are utilised to derive a 500-year winter/spring temperature reconstruction for the region. These documentary sources reflect sea ice conditions in the harbour inlet and those series that overlap with the instrumental data correlate well with winter/spring temperatures. By refining dendroclimatological methods, the time-series were composited to a mean series and calibrated (1756–1841; r2 = 66%) against Stockholm January-April temperatures. Strong verification was confirmed (1842-1892; r2 = 60%; RE/CE = 0.55). By including the instrumental data, the quantified (QUAN) reconstruction indicates that recent two decades have been the warmest period for the last 500 years. Coldest conditions occurred during the 16th/17th and early 19th centuries. An independent qualitative (QUAL) historical index was also derived for the Stockholm region. Comparison between QUAN and QUAL shows good coherence at inter-annual time-scales, but QUAL distinctly appears to lack low frequency information. Comparison is also made to other winter temperature based annually resolved records for the Baltic region. Between proxy coherence is generally good although it decreases going back in time with the 1500-1550 period being the weakest period - possibly reflecting data quality issues in the different reconstructions. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Leijonhufvud, L., R. Wilson, and A. Moberg. 2008. Documentary data as proxy variables for Stockholm late winter to early spring temperatures in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Holocene 18:333-343. DOI: 10.1177/0959683607086770 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Northern Europe PERIOD OF RECORD: 1502 - 2008 AD FUNDING SOURCES: EU-project MILLENNIUM (contract no 017008-2), and as a contribution from the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, funded by Climatic Change Vetenskapsrådet (VR), the Swedish Research Council, and Formas. Additional grants from VR are given to Anders Moberg and Johan Söderberg. DESCRIPTION: Reconstruction of winter and early spring (January-April) temperatures for Stockholm, Sweden, based on documentary evidence of shipping activity. Documentary sources are used to determine the date when the sailing season started each year. The sailing season in spring is related to the ice cover of the Baltic, which is, in turn, closely related to the annual mean winter air temperature. Dates are transformed into days after New Year according to the Gregorian calendar for 1500 AD onwards, and then used to reconstruct Stockholm winter/spring temperatures. The reconstruction is expressed as anomalies from the JFMA mean Stockholm temperature over the period 1961-1990 (which is -1.11 degC). Subtracting 1.11 (or add -1.11) to all reconstructed temperature anomalies converts them to absolue JFMA mean temperatures. Stockholm, Sweden: 59°20'30.1"N, 18°03'17.6"E. DATA: 1. Raw Documentary Data Column 1: SS1A: Stora Sjötullen 1st Arrival. Riksarkivet (RA) Column 2: SS1D: Stora Sjötullen 1st Departure. RA Column 3: Tolag1A: City of Stockholm's import tax 1st Arrival, Stadsarkivet (SSA) Column 4: Tolag1D: City of Stockholm's export tax 1st Departure. SSA Column 5: Balance: Entries from the weigh house of Stockholm. SSA Column 6: Short adm series: Different sources of harbour admin, like domestic customs, in Stockholm. RA & SSA Column 7: Freight: Sea freight contracts, specifying date of contract. SSA Column 8: harbourfee1. 1st date harbour fee was paid in Stockholm or Vaxholm. SSA Column 9: pole1. 1st date for opening of pole barricade around the city. SSA Column 10: sea passport. Insurance document for ships. RA Column 11: ship records. Registers of sailors leaving Stockholm. SSA Column 12: Ballast. Planks granted for ballast by the city council. SSA Column 13: ice break-up: compillation of when ship freights started from Västerås. Hildebrandtsson (1915) Column 14: off.start: official statistics from the harbour master of Stockholm when the sailing season started. Berättelse angående Stockholms Kommunalförvaltning År 1894 (1896) Column 15: DeSpring. Letters of Government or Admiralty Board. RA & Krigsarkivet Column 16: Årsta diary: a private diary by lady Reenstierna. Daily weather observations, including ice break-ups in the bay of Årsta. Nordiska museets arkiv Year SS1A SS1D Tol1A Tol1D Balan ShrtAS Freight harb1 pole1 seaPass shipRec Ballst iceBr. off.star DeSpring Årsta 1500 1501 1502 115 1503 114 1504 102 1505 93 1506 103 1507 96 1508 103 1509 78 1510 76 1511 128 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 117 1518 97 1519 1520 80 1521 83 1522 76 1523 1524 1525 49 1526 121 1527 1528 121 1529 97 1530 1531 1532 1533 136 101 1534 92 1535 113 1536 80 1537 97 1538 111 1539 110 1540 110 1541 105 1542 1543 110 117 1544 124 111 1545 95 1546 123 107 100 1547 117 1548 79 1549 137 114 1550 117 1551 88 1552 123 79 1553 117 87 1554 113 108 1555 130 133 1556 105 114 1557 153 142 1558 93 119 120 1559 99 113 1560 123 114 137 1561 110 133 1562 105 128 102 1563 82 137 1564 86 109 1565 113 1566 79 1567 125 1568 114 1569 146 154 149 1570 125 1571 132 111 134 1572 136 140 109 156 1573 144 138 146 140 1574 133 127 132 127 1575 133 1576 106 104 105 153 1577 101 88 1578 118 114 1579 124 1580 106 109 1581 113 100 1582 122 122 1583 109 111 1584 114 135 1585 73 95 157 1586 129 118 115 1587 111 112 97 1588 102 102 1589 103 112 80 1590 116 101 75 124 1591 129 121 1592 116 105 102 1593 128 111 1594 96 110 1595 133 137 142 1596 116 78 1597 129 121 1598 84 70 131 1599 118 114 122 1600 127 152 1601 141 125 1602 80 91 1603 112 100 97 1604 134 125 133 1605 75 43 1606 130 1607 101 118 1608 132 129 93 1609 90 126 128 91 1610 107 119 121 127 134 1611 105 140 133 124 126 1612 129 124 130 1613 78 83 102 1614 136 140 151 1615 121 113 145 1616 116 109 123 83 1617 107 98 72 105 1618 122 129 1619 120 108 119 1620 113 109 135 127 1621 115 131 1622 127 132 132 1623 119 115 1624 114 1625 107 1626 119 1627 113 1628 101 1629 127 104 1630 126 1631 129 1632 115 1633 152 113 1634 86 1635 121 1636 108 133 100 103 103 1637 99 102 1638 120 114 1639 93 65 1640 143 133 1641 95 81 113 1642 115 91 1643 131 126 1644 146 145 111 109 128 1645 100 69 86 80 90 1646 117 103 107 1647 123 101 106 117 1648 93 86 93 1649 121 113 1650 120 119 1651 107 93 1652 99 92 104 1653 97 1654 112 119 1655 120 134 1656 105 105 1657 106 83 1658 149 124 1659 132 123 1660 103 103 94 1661 121 119 75 1662 83 73 73 95 1663 124 113 1664 121 115 93 94 1665 103 106 1666 100 88 78 105 1667 129 113 101 1668 73 1669 130 117 1670 129 118 1671 97 117 1672 99 91 115 1673 105 88 95 74 129 1674 111 115 111 107 1675 108 113 104 110 1676 92 90 1677 125 121 1678 75 61 84 1679 126 96 97 113 142 1680 71 85 80 1681 108 97 108 1682 111 70 1683 96 92 1684 127 123 1685 127 1686 60 1687 80 71 1688 149 121 1689 90 110 57 99 1690 47 47 96 59 1691 111 89 86 93 1692 119 117 124 122 110 1693 104 102 100 70 1694 95 82 74 1695 88 102 1696 61 47 59 1697 110 99 66 1698 134 99 88 1699 71 99 84 1700 69 86 89 1701 116 109 104 83 1702 89 58 68 24 1703 102 87 83 1704 71 22 1705 85 99 77 1706 70 93 44 1707 90 98 85 1708 103 73 74 1709 113 112 1710 100 99 1711 106 117 1712 106 118 120 1713 73 93 110 1714 92 93 92 113 1715 106 91 102 99 1716 112 80 128 111 1717 112 89 130 127 1718 67 83 49 111 1719 124 112 115 129 98 1720 94 87 93 66 102 1721 114 102 90 92 119 1722 82 76 133 114 1723 27 68 68 104 88 1724 84 127 113 1725 60 24 46 95 89 1726 51 103 102 1727 71 84 93 115 107 1728 100 91 94 101 104 1729 115 97 94 102 111 1730 86 68 67 114 108 1731 101 92 88 115 109 1732 93 82 85 60 115 1733 31 50 99 45 59 82 1734 70 60 70 57 64 103 1735 62 97 1736 111 97 80 86 112 1737 78 72 87 73 115 1738 58 38 60 41 98 1739 70 68 119 1740 124 103 99 104 131 1741 110 89 77 77 117 1742 54 35 45 40 120 1743 28 37 37 23 100 1744 93 93 55 59 118 1745 114 113 102 103 128 1746 124 105 108 104 130 1747 105 97 125 1748 129 113 122 99 127 1749 114 106 120 95 129 1750 55 52 65 54 73 1751 106 97 98 91 110 1752 77 68 115 1753 72 70 79 69 107 1754 109 103 61 95 123 1755 100 95 109 1756 70 58 65 15 108 1757 89 85 77 85 108 1758 115 93 125 1759 51 50 73 46 97 1760 121 116 116 105 124 1761 91 86 68 75 105 1762 35 15 76 13 116 1763 112 97 127 1764 95 77 82 55 105 1765 93 78 93 74 120 1766 105 88 99 93 116 1767 115 94 66 91 127 1768 113 105 110 100 123 1769 130 89 105 1770 127 97 117 1771 119 101 116 1772 122 105 104 107 114 1773 91 75 79 68 103 1774 108 95 97 95 116 1775 97 80 83 62 113 1776 109 100 102 87 121 1777 111 108 101 93 117 104 1778 104 92 103 66 105 98 1779 74 69 67 61 76 78 1780 104 66 90 66 130 1781 79 73 115 1782 59 93 121 1783 106 102 107 92 118 106 1784 132 120 115 138 1785 126 117 108 130 1786 128 159 93 111 134 1787 90 154 82 82 109 1788 115 112 132 1789 136 119 133 1790 60 46 79 1791 32 70 61 102 1792 72 66 94 116 1793 63 21 81 121 112 1794 78 77 32 98 105 1795 121 117 98 124 105 1796 98 78 78 119 117 1797 60 35 67 108 104 1798 94 116 53 116 108 1799 138 114 109 130 122 1800 127 73 113 123 115 1801 91 154 82 107 106 1802 82 58 68 99 86 1803 111 54 94 106 78 1804 139 132 128 135 121 1805 126 105 100 121 98 1806 125 143 121 137 131 1807 124 119 121 128 122 1808 133 144 132 130 1809 128 128 115 133 123 1810 127 57 99 136 133 1811 99 101 61 131 64 1812 132 130 63 124 122 1813 95 151 43 107 83 1814 134 96 80 125 109 1815 84 96 69 114 91 82 1816 64 110 137 124 1817 96 98 72 90 116 98 1818 103 93 99 91 135 93 104 1819 55 85 63 83 107 82 108 1820 113 109 118 112 119 113 104 1821 109 99 79 86 121 102 92 1822 46 50 60 49 74 45 66 1823 109 109 77 112 127 108 97 1824 98 82 96 80 113 75 81 1825 88 90 103 84 108 90 101 1826 69 76 89 69 103 65 109 1827 104 107 102 96 111 104 98 1828 117 107 96 105 120 117 116 1829 132 122 122 120 132 128 130 1830 110 97 97 91 121 106 1831 113 113 63 109 121 111 117 1832 83 77 73 101 86 65 1833 102 94 99 124 102 101 1834 84 74 66 90 69 101 1835 66 77 77 104 66 104 1836 99 93 89 115 96 105 1837 93 112 81 124 117 123 1838 137 125 96 137 137 1839 126 117 108 131 126 1840 106 97 95 113 105 1841 105 100 93 117 105 1842 95 47 1843 122 111 1844 117 117 1845 119 115 1846 106 78 1847 132 120 1848 101 96 1849 124 92 1850 117 112 1851 118 109 1852 124 103 1853 129 126 1854 98 86 1855 128 122 1856 117 107 1857 114 105 1858 111 102 1859 94 53 1860 118 103 1861 106 102 1862 123 118 1863 86 3 1864 126 111 1865 116 109 1866 110 105 1867 140 126 1868 112 98 1869 106 86 1870 115 104 1871 127 95 1872 112 28 1873 99 72 1874 102 61 1875 128 116 1876 118 101 1877 134 124 1878 106 62 1879 122 109 1880 112 1 1881 140 127 1882 138 74 1883 121 97 1884 100 1 1885 113 1 1886 109 1 1887 96 1 1888 134 122 1889 121 104 1890 96 1 1891 121 1 1892 118 80 2. January-April Stockholm Temperature Reconstruction Column 1: Year Column 2: January-April Stockholm temperatures used for calibration and verification Column 3: Stockholm reconstruction. Derived through regression. Column 4: 2 sigma error bars Calibration – 1756-1841. R2 = 0.66 Verification – 1842-1892. R2 = 0.60, RE = 0.55, CE = 0.55 Error estimated from the 2-sigma using the RMSE over the verification period. The 2-sigma was adjusted upwards to take into account the weakening in the signal strength of the proxy sources back in time. Year StockJFMA Recon 2sigma 1500 na na 1501 na na 1502 -1.7212 3.2773 1503 -1.6382 3.2773 1504 -0.6422 3.2773 1505 0.1048 3.2773 1506 -0.7252 3.2773 1507 -0.1442 3.2773 1508 -0.7252 3.2773 1509 1.3498 3.2773 1510 1.5158 3.2773 1511 -2.8002 3.2773 1512 na na 1513 na na 1514 na na 1515 na na 1516 na na 1517 -1.8872 3.2773 1518 -0.2272 3.2773 1519 na na 1520 1.1838 3.2773 1521 0.9348 3.2773 1522 1.5158 3.2773 1523 na na 1524 na na 1525 3.7567 3.2773 1526 -2.2192 3.2773 1527 na na 1528 -2.2192 3.2773 1529 -0.2272 3.2773 1530 na na 1531 na na 1532 na na 1533 -2.4803 3.2773 1534 1.0596 3.2773 1535 -1.1059 3.2773 1536 1.1838 3.2773 1537 0.4784 3.2773 1538 -0.9959 3.2773 1539 -0.7965 3.2773 1540 -1.3062 3.2773 1541 -0.8912 3.2773 1542 na na 1543 -1.4487 3.2773 1544 -1.9681 3.2773 1545 -0.0612 3.2773 1546 -1.3083 3.2773 1547 -1.8872 3.2773 1548 2.4001 3.2773 1549 -3.0278 3.2773 1550 -1.8872 3.2773 1551 1.5126 3.2773 1552 0.1872 3.2773 1553 0.1525 3.2773 1554 -0.714 3.2773 1555 -3.1811 3.2773 1556 -0.5092 3.2773 1557 -5.1829 3.2773 1558 -0.8291 3.2773 1559 -0.0596 3.2773 1560 -2.7502 3.2773 1561 -1.8618 3.2773 1562 -1.1724 3.2773 1563 -0.2299 3.2773 1564 0.6736 3.2773 1565 -1.5552 3.2773 1566 2.4001 3.2773 1567 -2.5512 3.2773 1568 -1.6382 3.2773 1569 -6.3995 3.2773 1570 -2.5512 3.2773 1571 -2.9231 3.2773 1572 -4.7966 3.2773 1573 -5.7092 3.2773 1574 -4.0075 3.2773 1575 -2.2734 3.2773 1576 -1.8907 3.2773 1577 1.0988 3.2773 1578 -1.7743 3.2773 1579 -2.2401 3.2773 1580 -0.6459 3.2773 1581 -0.5013 3.2773 1582 -2.5772 3.2773 1583 -0.9785 3.2773 1584 -2.9252 3.2773 1585 -0.1195 3.2773 1586 -2.3604 3.2773 1587 -0.4369 3.2773 1588 -0.0213 3.2773 1589 0.6469 3.2773 1590 -0.1701 3.2773 1591 -2.9716 3.2773 1592 -0.9472 3.2773 1593 -2.2319 3.2773 1594 -0.0535 3.2773 1595 -5.1491 3.2773 1596 0.7829 3.2773 1597 -2.9716 3.2773 1598 1.1484 3.2773 1599 -2.3718 3.2773 1600 -4.2513 2.3583 1601 -3.4887 2.3583 1602 1.8892 2.3583 1603 -0.161 2.3583 1604 -3.1569 2.3583 1605 3.5354 2.3583 1606 -2.539 2.3583 1607 -0.7186 2.3583 1608 -2.0873 2.3583 1609 -0.9959 2.3583 1610 -2.3363 2.3583 1611 -2.8296 2.3583 1612 -2.8275 2.3583 1613 1.665 2.3583 1614 -4.3872 2.3583 1615 -2.5657 2.3583 1616 -0.8742 2.3583 1617 0.5133 2.3583 1618 -2.412 2.3583 1619 -1.4937 2.3583 1620 -2.4555 2.3583 1621 -2.5137 2.3583 1622 -3.3696 2.3583 1623 -2.0835 2.3583 1624 -1.6382 2.3583 1625 -1.0572 2.3583 1626 -2.0666 2.3583 1627 -1.5552 2.3583 1628 -0.5592 2.3583 1629 -1.9281 2.3583 1630 -2.7002 2.3583 1631 -2.8832 2.3583 1632 -1.7212 2.3583 1633 -3.568 2.3583 1634 0.6858 2.3583 1635 -2.2192 2.3583 1636 -1.3669 2.3583 1637 -0.4567 2.3583 1638 -1.8424 2.3583 1639 0.8131 2.3583 1640 -3.3956 2.3583 1641 -0.7481 2.3583 1642 -0.8954 2.3583 1643 -3.6867 2.3583 1644 -3.0862 2.3583 1645 0.7163 2.3583 1646 -1.6139 2.3583 1647 -1.8234 2.3583 1648 0.3814 2.3583 1649 -1.9066 2.3583 1650 -2.0917 2.3583 1651 -0.6931 2.3583 1652 -0.5423 2.3583 1653 -0.2272 2.3583 1654 -1.8162 2.3583 1655 -2.4742 2.3583 1656 -1.0631 2.3583 1657 -0.2929 2.3583 1658 -3.273 2.3583 1659 -2.6511 2.3583 1660 -0.4419 2.3583 1661 -1.0537 2.3583 1662 1.5892 2.3583 1663 -2.6191 2.3583 1664 -0.9882 2.3583 1665 -1.2279 2.3583 1666 -0.0936 2.3583 1667 -1.9404 2.3583 1668 2.0971 2.3583 1669 -2.3628 2.3583 1670 -2.365 2.3583 1671 -1.2266 2.3583 1672 -0.8886 2.3583 1673 -0.244 2.3583 1674 -1.6734 2.3583 1675 -1.4389 2.3583 1676 -0.0669 2.3583 1677 -2.337 2.3583 1678 1.4301 2.3583 1679 -1.7578 2.3583 1680 1.1227 2.3583 1681 -1.0138 2.3583 1682 0.0105 2.3583 1683 -0.2778 2.3583 1684 -2.479 2.3583 1685 -3.6528 2.3583 1686 1.8346 2.3583 1687 1.0412 2.3583 1688 -3.1408 2.3583 1689 0.0802 2.3583 1690 1.9327 2.3583 1691 -0.352 2.3583 1692 -2.5984 2.3583 1693 -0.5339 2.3583 1694 0.1572 2.3583 1695 -0.5631 2.3583 1696 2.5577 2.3583 1697 -0.533 2.3583 1698 -1.3906 2.3583 1699 0.1814 2.3583 1700 0.5098 2.3128 1701 -1.1862 2.3128 1702 2.0085 2.3128 1703 -0.3329 2.3128 1704 2.4428 2.3128 1705 -0.1134 2.3128 1706 1.0544 2.3128 1707 -0.2586 2.3128 1708 0.3426 2.3128 1709 -2.1957 2.3128 1710 -0.9686 2.3128 1711 -1.7343 2.3128 1712 -1.5792 2.3128 1713 0.3377 2.3128 1714 -0.34 2.3128 1715 -0.2096 2.3128 1716 -0.933 2.3128 1717 -1.7497 2.3128 1718 1.1049 2.3128 1719 -1.4582 2.3128 1720 0.4446 2.3128 1721 -0.8769 2.3128 1722 -0.442 2.3128 1723 2.1417 2.3128 1724 -0.8004 2.3128 1725 2.8168 2.3128 1726 1.1446 2.3128 1727 0.0787 2.3128 1728 -0.2233 2.3128 1729 -0.7672 2.3128 1730 0.5474 2.3128 1731 -0.4732 2.3128 1732 0.3655 2.3128 1733 2.7931 2.3128 1734 1.7889 2.3128 1735 1.8417 2.3128 1736 -0.3772 2.3128 1737 0.5483 2.3128 1738 2.8867 2.3128 1739 0.4702 2.3128 1740 -1.8512 2.3128 1741 -0.179 2.3128 1742 2.5889 2.3128 1743 3.9708 2.3128 1744 0.6436 2.3128 1745 -1.8003 2.3128 1746 -1.9943 2.3128 1747 -1.5225 2.3128 1748 -2.2395 2.3128 1749 -1.86 2.3128 1750 3.1501 2.3128 1751 -0.6118 2.3128 1752 0.4864 2.3128 1753 1.1056 2.3128 1754 -0.6325 2.3128 1755 -0.5679 2.3128 1756 0.285 2.4643 2.3128 1757 0.235 0.3304 2.3128 1758 -1.965 -1.662 2.3128 1759 2.235 2.5387 2.3128 1760 -2.04 -2.0884 2.3128 1761 1.26 0.6906 2.3128 1762 0.76 3.3025 2.3128 1763 -1.915 -1.7957 2.3128 1764 1.91 0.9057 2.3128 1765 0.435 -0.0349 2.3128 1766 0.41 -0.6831 2.3128 1767 -3.14 -0.7068 2.3128 1768 -1.415 -1.5803 2.3128 1769 0.91 -0.9628 2.3128 1770 -1.99 -1.6921 2.3128 1771 -4.14 -1.5549 2.3128 1772 -4.14 -1.4751 2.3128 1773 1.235 0.8768 2.3128 1774 -2.04 -0.844 2.3128 1775 0.81 0.4496 2.3128 1776 -0.89 -1.0268 2.3128 1777 -1.865 -1.1177 2.3128 1778 -0.24 -0.0402 2.3128 1779 3.635 2.2595 2.3128 1780 -1.015 -0.1206 2.3128 1781 0.035 0.2946 2.3128 1782 -1.265 -0.0551 2.3128 1783 -0.14 -1.0964 2.3128 1784 -3.115 -3.0483 2.3128 1785 -2.265 -2.4317 2.3128 1786 -2.44 -2.926 2.3128 1787 1.085 -0.8442 2.3128 1788 -2.365 -2.5366 2.3128 1789 -3.64 -3.1113 2.3128 1790 2.085 3.4009 2.3128 1791 3.91 2.2754 2.3128 1792 -0.865 0.378 2.3128 1793 1.085 0.9597 2.3128 1794 3.135 1.5523 2.3128 1795 -2.79 -1.6581 2.3128 1796 1.885 -0.4538 2.3128 1797 2.135 1.5893 2.3128 1798 0.285 -0.2705 2.3128 1799 -3.165 -2.599 2.3128 1800 -2.44 -1.4952 2.3128 1801 0.26 -1.0129 2.3128 1802 0.71 1.5161 2.3128 1803 -1.365 0.6519 2.3128 1804 -2.715 -3.3361 2.3128 1805 -2.515 -1.3356 2.3128 1806 -1.315 -3.4453 2.3128 1807 -0.79 -2.6007 2.3128 1808 -2.015 -3.5817 2.3128 1809 -5.09 -2.8656 2.3128 1810 -1.415 -1.7666 2.3128 1811 0.31 0.2255 2.3128 1812 -2.09 -1.7627 2.3128 1813 1.11 0.1356 2.3128 1814 -3.965 -1.3166 2.3128 1815 0.935 0.436 2.3128 1816 -1.74 -1.7101 2.3128 1817 1.21 -0.2828 2.3128 1818 0.11 -1.0031 2.3128 1819 2.035 0.7797 2.3128 1820 -1.665 -1.6512 2.3128 1821 -0.665 -0.4641 2.3128 1822 3.585 3.5013 2.3128 1823 -1.54 -1.1563 2.3128 1824 2.285 0.3729 2.3128 1825 0.985 -0.1025 2.3128 1826 0.685 0.874 2.3128 1827 -1.065 -0.7854 2.3128 1828 -1.19 -1.5834 2.3128 1829 -4.165 -2.9939 2.3128 1830 -1.29 -1.0142 2.3128 1831 -1.965 -1.258 2.3128 1832 1.585 1.3514 2.3128 1833 -0.365 -0.9089 2.3128 1834 1.335 1.3393 2.3128 1835 1.385 1.0003 2.3128 1836 0.735 -0.4803 2.3128 1837 -1.34 -1.3529 2.3128 1838 -4.89 -2.9316 2.3128 1839 -2.29 -2.5029 2.3128 1840 0.335 -0.8046 2.3128 1841 -1.015 -0.9213 2.3128 1842 1.56 2.7498 2.3128 1843 -0.09 -1.3977 2.3128 1844 -2.84 -1.2646 2.3128 1845 -1.915 -1.3321 2.3128 1846 0.285 0.8849 2.3128 1847 -1.59 -2.4108 2.3128 1848 -0.14 0.5911 2.3128 1849 -0.74 -0.8605 2.3128 1850 -1.74 -1.0868 2.3128 1851 0.26 -1.0494 2.3128 1852 -0.565 -1.2517 2.3128 1853 -2.565 -2.4163 2.3128 1854 0.585 1.1547 2.3128 1855 -3.19 -2.2047 2.3128 1856 -0.84 -0.9089 2.3128 1857 -0.24 -0.6299 2.3128 1858 0.91 -0.3153 2.3128 1859 1.91 2.6057 2.3128 1860 -0.715 -0.8359 2.3128 1861 -0.865 0.0312 2.3128 1862 -2.765 -1.716 2.3128 1863 2.46 4.9385 2.3128 1864 -0.24 -1.6749 2.3128 1865 -1.74 -0.9108 2.3128 1866 0.235 -0.3527 2.3128 1867 -2.865 -3.1786 2.3128 1868 0.235 -0.2423 2.3128 1869 1.385 0.6003 2.3128 1870 -0.165 -0.6636 2.3128 1871 -2.64 -1.1751 2.3128 1872 1.46 2.2476 2.3128 1873 1.41 1.5834 2.3128 1874 1.86 1.7667 2.3128 1875 -3.115 -1.9913 2.3128 1876 -0.465 -0.7648 2.3128 1877 -2.69 -2.6917 2.3128 1878 1.235 1.454 2.3128 1879 -2.515 -1.3266 2.3128 1880 0.91 2.73E-03 2.3128 1881 -4.24 -3.515 2.3128 1882 2.21 -3.2638 2.3128 1883 -0.565 -1.128 2.3128 1884 0.985 1.5103 2.3128 1885 0.285 -0.1229 2.3128 1886 -0.365 0.3796 2.3128 1887 1.56 2.0129 2.3128 1888 -4.04 -2.7612 2.3128 1889 -1.69 -1.128 2.3128 1890 1.735 2.0129 2.3128 1891 -0.24 -1.128 2.3128 1892 -1.39 -0.7511 2.3128 1893 -2.74 1894 2.785 1895 -2.09 1896 1.16 1897 -0.765 1898 0.935 1899 -0.59 1900 -1.665 1901 -0.99 1902 -1.14 1903 1.835 1904 0.185 1905 0.385 1906 1.36 1907 -0.065 1908 0.235 1909 -0.815 1910 2.11 1911 1.285 1912 -0.19 1913 1.81 1914 1.985 1915 -0.615 1916 0.535 1917 -3.565 1918 0.06 1919 -0.215 1920 2.31 1921 2.71 1922 -1.39 1923 -0.14 1924 -2.29 1925 2.085 1926 -0.365 1927 1.16 1928 0.085 1929 -2.09 1930 2.46 1931 -1.44 1932 0.81 1933 0.61 1934 2.485 1935 1.16 1936 0.31 1937 0.435 1938 2.81 1939 2.185 1940 -4.24 1941 -3.74 1942 -5.315 1943 2.685 1944 0.56 1945 1.685 1946 0.285 1947 -2.765 1948 0.885 1949 2.41 1950 0.96 1951 -0.065 1952 0.61 1953 1.36 1954 -0.99 1955 -1.665 1956 -2.54 1957 0.785 1958 -2.515 1959 1.435 1960 -0.865 1961 2.535 1962 -0.09 1963 -3.04 1964 0.26 1965 -0.115 1966 -3.565 1967 1.085 1968 0.16 1969 -1.165 1970 -3.44 1971 0.31 1972 0.735 1973 2.61 1974 2.86 1975 2.26 1976 -0.54 1977 -0.015 1978 -0.59 1979 -1.79 1980 -1.19 1981 -0.14 1982 -0.39 1983 1.31 1984 0.76 1985 -4.065 1986 -1.665 1987 -3.015 1988 1.11 1989 4.11 1990 4.71 1991 1.71 1992 2.385 1993 2.36 1994 0.335 1995 1.66 1996 -0.59 1997 1.585 1998 1.885 1999 1.76 2000 2.56 2001 0.81 2002 3.085 2003 0.635 2004 1.56 2005 1.56 2006 -0.365 2007 2.91 2008 3.81 3. January-April Stockholm Temperature Splice, Reconstruction and Instrumental Full Stockholm reconstruction splice: two versions The regressed reconstruction was scaled to have the same mean and standard deviation as the instrumental data over the 1756-1892 period. Splice 1 = Post 1893 is represented by instrumental data Splice 2 = Post 1756 is represented by instrumental data Year Splice1 Splice2 1500 1501 1502 -1.92 -1.92 1503 -1.83 -1.83 1504 -0.69 -0.69 1505 0.16 0.16 1506 -0.78 -0.78 1507 -0.12 -0.12 1508 -0.78 -0.78 1509 1.58 1.58 1510 1.77 1.77 1511 -3.15 -3.15 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 -2.11 -2.11 1518 -0.22 -0.22 1519 1520 1.39 1.39 1521 1.11 1.11 1522 1.77 1.77 1523 1524 1525 4.33 4.33 1526 -2.49 -2.49 1527 1528 -2.49 -2.49 1529 -0.22 -0.22 1530 1531 1532 1533 -2.79 -2.79 1534 1.25 1.25 1535 -1.22 -1.22 1536 1.39 1.39 1537 0.59 0.59 1538 -1.09 -1.09 1539 -0.87 -0.87 1540 -1.45 -1.45 1541 -0.97 -0.97 1542 1543 -1.61 -1.61 1544 -2.20 -2.20 1545 -0.03 -0.03 1546 -1.45 -1.45 1547 -2.11 -2.11 1548 2.78 2.78 1549 -3.41 -3.41 1550 -2.11 -2.11 1551 1.77 1.77 1552 0.26 0.26 1553 0.22 0.22 1554 -0.77 -0.77 1555 -3.59 -3.59 1556 -0.54 -0.54 1557 -5.87 -5.87 1558 -0.90 -0.90 1559 -0.03 -0.03 1560 -3.10 -3.10 1561 -2.08 -2.08 1562 -1.30 -1.30 1563 -0.22 -0.22 1564 0.81 0.81 1565 -1.73 -1.73 1566 2.78 2.78 1567 -2.87 -2.87 1568 -1.83 -1.83 1569 -7.26 -7.26 1570 -2.87 -2.87 1571 -3.29 -3.29 1572 -5.43 -5.43 1573 -6.47 -6.47 1574 -4.53 -4.53 1575 -2.55 -2.55 1576 -2.11 -2.11 1577 1.30 1.30 1578 -1.98 -1.98 1579 -2.51 -2.51 1580 -0.69 -0.69 1581 -0.53 -0.53 1582 -2.90 -2.90 1583 -1.07 -1.07 1584 -3.30 -3.30 1585 -0.09 -0.09 1586 -2.65 -2.65 1587 -0.46 -0.46 1588 0.02 0.02 1589 0.78 0.78 1590 -0.15 -0.15 1591 -3.35 -3.35 1592 -1.04 -1.04 1593 -2.50 -2.50 1594 -0.02 -0.02 1595 -5.83 -5.83 1596 0.94 0.94 1597 -3.35 -3.35 1598 1.35 1.35 1599 -2.66 -2.66 1600 -4.81 -4.81 1601 -3.94 -3.94 1602 2.20 2.20 1603 -0.14 -0.14 1604 -3.56 -3.56 1605 4.08 4.08 1606 -2.85 -2.85 1607 -0.78 -0.78 1608 -2.34 -2.34 1609 -1.09 -1.09 1610 -2.62 -2.62 1611 -3.19 -3.19 1612 -3.18 -3.18 1613 1.94 1.94 1614 -4.96 -4.96 1615 -2.89 -2.89 1616 -0.95 -0.95 1617 0.63 0.63 1618 -2.71 -2.71 1619 -1.66 -1.66 1620 -2.76 -2.76 1621 -2.83 -2.83 1622 -3.80 -3.80 1623 -2.33 -2.33 1624 -1.83 -1.83 1625 -1.16 -1.16 1626 -2.32 -2.32 1627 -1.73 -1.73 1628 -0.60 -0.60 1629 -2.16 -2.16 1630 -3.04 -3.04 1631 -3.25 -3.25 1632 -1.92 -1.92 1633 -4.03 -4.03 1634 0.83 0.83 1635 -2.49 -2.49 1636 -1.52 -1.52 1637 -0.48 -0.48 1638 -2.06 -2.06 1639 0.97 0.97 1640 -3.83 -3.83 1641 -0.81 -0.81 1642 -0.98 -0.98 1643 -4.16 -4.16 1644 -3.48 -3.48 1645 0.86 0.86 1646 -1.80 -1.80 1647 -2.04 -2.04 1648 0.48 0.48 1649 -2.13 -2.13 1650 -2.34 -2.34 1651 -0.75 -0.75 1652 -0.58 -0.58 1653 -0.22 -0.22 1654 -2.03 -2.03 1655 -2.78 -2.78 1656 -1.17 -1.17 1657 -0.29 -0.29 1658 -3.69 -3.69 1659 -2.98 -2.98 1660 -0.46 -0.46 1661 -1.16 -1.16 1662 1.86 1.86 1663 -2.95 -2.95 1664 -1.09 -1.09 1665 -1.36 -1.36 1666 -0.06 -0.06 1667 -2.17 -2.17 1668 2.44 2.44 1669 -2.65 -2.65 1670 -2.66 -2.66 1671 -1.36 -1.36 1672 -0.97 -0.97 1673 -0.24 -0.24 1674 -1.87 -1.87 1675 -1.60 -1.60 1676 -0.03 -0.03 1677 -2.62 -2.62 1678 1.67 1.67 1679 -1.96 -1.96 1680 1.32 1.32 1681 -1.11 -1.11 1682 0.05 0.05 1683 -0.27 -0.27 1684 -2.79 -2.79 1685 -4.13 -4.13 1686 2.14 2.14 1687 1.23 1.23 1688 -3.54 -3.54 1689 0.13 0.13 1690 2.25 2.25 1691 -0.36 -0.36 1692 -2.92 -2.92 1693 -0.57 -0.57 1694 0.22 0.22 1695 -0.60 -0.60 1696 2.96 2.96 1697 -0.57 -0.57 1698 -1.54 -1.54 1699 0.25 0.25 1700 0.62 0.62 1701 -1.31 -1.31 1702 2.33 2.33 1703 -0.34 -0.34 1704 2.83 2.83 1705 -0.09 -0.09 1706 1.25 1.25 1707 -0.25 -0.25 1708 0.43 0.43 1709 -2.46 -2.46 1710 -1.06 -1.06 1711 -1.94 -1.94 1712 -1.76 -1.76 1713 0.43 0.43 1714 -0.35 -0.35 1715 -0.20 -0.20 1716 -1.02 -1.02 1717 -1.95 -1.95 1718 1.30 1.30 1719 -1.62 -1.62 1720 0.55 0.55 1721 -0.96 -0.96 1722 -0.46 -0.46 1723 2.49 2.49 1724 -0.87 -0.87 1725 3.26 3.26 1726 1.35 1.35 1727 0.13 0.13 1728 -0.21 -0.21 1729 -0.83 -0.83 1730 0.67 0.67 1731 -0.50 -0.50 1732 0.46 0.46 1733 3.23 3.23 1734 2.08 2.08 1735 2.14 2.14 1736 -0.39 -0.39 1737 0.67 0.67 1738 3.34 3.34 1739 0.58 0.58 1740 -2.07 -2.07 1741 -0.16 -0.16 1742 3.00 3.00 1743 4.57 4.57 1744 0.78 0.78 1745 -2.01 -2.01 1746 -2.23 -2.23 1747 -1.69 -1.69 1748 -2.51 -2.51 1749 -2.08 -2.08 1750 3.64 3.64 1751 -0.66 -0.66 1752 0.60 0.60 1753 1.30 1.30 1754 -0.68 -0.68 1755 -0.61 -0.61 1756 2.85 0.285 1757 0.42 0.235 1758 -1.85 -1.965 1759 2.94 2.235 1760 -2.34 -2.04 1761 0.83 1.26 1762 3.81 0.76 1763 -2.01 -1.915 1764 1.08 1.91 1765 0.00 0.435 1766 -0.74 0.41 1767 -0.76 -3.14 1768 -1.76 -1.415 1769 -1.06 0.91 1770 -1.89 -1.99 1771 -1.73 -4.14 1772 -1.64 -4.14 1773 1.04 1.235 1774 -0.92 -2.04 1775 0.56 0.81 1776 -1.13 -0.89 1777 -1.23 -1.865 1778 0.00 -0.24 1779 2.62 3.635 1780 -0.10 -1.015 1781 0.38 0.035 1782 -0.02 -1.265 1783 -1.21 -0.14 1784 -3.44 -3.115 1785 -2.73 -2.265 1786 -3.30 -2.44 1787 -0.92 1.085 1788 -2.85 -2.365 1789 -3.51 -3.64 1790 3.92 2.085 1791 2.64 3.91 1792 0.47 -0.865 1793 1.14 1.085 1794 1.81 3.135 1795 -1.85 -2.79 1796 -0.48 1.885 1797 1.86 2.135 1798 -0.27 0.285 1799 -2.92 -3.165 1800 -1.66 -2.44 1801 -1.11 0.26 1802 1.77 0.71 1803 0.79 -1.365 1804 -3.76 -2.715 1805 -1.48 -2.515 1806 -3.89 -1.315 1807 -2.93 -0.79 1808 -4.04 -2.015 1809 -3.23 -5.09 1810 -1.97 -1.415 1811 0.30 0.31 1812 -1.97 -2.09 1813 0.20 1.11 1814 -1.46 -3.965 1815 0.54 0.935 1816 -1.91 -1.74 1817 -0.28 1.21 1818 -1.10 0.11 1819 0.93 2.035 1820 -1.84 -1.665 1821 -0.49 -0.665 1822 4.04 3.585 1823 -1.28 -1.54 1824 0.47 2.285 1825 -0.07 0.985 1826 1.04 0.685 1827 -0.85 -1.065 1828 -1.76 -1.19 1829 -3.37 -4.165 1830 -1.11 -1.29 1831 -1.39 -1.965 1832 1.58 1.585 1833 -0.99 -0.365 1834 1.57 1.335 1835 1.18 1.385 1836 -0.51 0.735 1837 -1.50 -1.34 1838 -3.30 -4.89 1839 -2.81 -2.29 1840 -0.88 0.335 1841 -1.01 -1.015 1842 3.18 1.56 1843 -1.55 -0.09 1844 -1.40 -2.84 1845 -1.48 -1.915 1846 1.05 0.285 1847 -2.71 -1.59 1848 0.72 -0.14 1849 -0.94 -0.74 1850 -1.20 -1.74 1851 -1.15 0.26 1852 -1.39 -0.565 1853 -2.71 -2.565 1854 1.36 0.585 1855 -2.47 -3.19 1856 -0.99 -0.84 1857 -0.68 -0.24 1858 -0.32 0.91 1859 3.02 1.91 1860 -0.91 -0.715 1861 0.08 -0.865 1862 -1.92 -2.765 1863 5.68 2.46 1864 -1.87 -0.24 1865 -1.00 -1.74 1866 -0.36 0.235 1867 -3.58 -2.865 1868 -0.23 0.235 1869 0.73 1.385 1870 -0.71 -0.165 1871 -1.30 -2.64 1872 2.61 1.46 1873 1.85 1.41 1874 2.06 1.86 1875 -2.23 -3.115 1876 -0.83 -0.465 1877 -3.03 -2.69 1878 1.70 1.235 1879 -1.47 -2.515 1880 0.05 0.91 1881 -3.97 -4.24 1882 -3.68 2.21 1883 -1.24 -0.565 1884 1.77 0.985 1885 -0.10 0.285 1886 0.48 -0.365 1887 2.34 1.56 1888 -3.11 -4.04 1889 -1.24 -1.69 1890 2.34 1.735 1891 -1.24 -0.24 1892 -0.81 -1.39 1893 -2.74 -2.74 1894 2.79 2.785 1895 -2.09 -2.09 1896 1.16 1.16 1897 -0.77 -0.765 1898 0.94 0.935 1899 -0.59 -0.59 1900 -1.67 -1.665 1901 -0.99 -0.99 1902 -1.14 -1.14 1903 1.84 1.835 1904 0.19 0.185 1905 0.39 0.385 1906 1.36 1.36 1907 -0.07 -0.065 1908 0.24 0.235 1909 -0.82 -0.815 1910 2.11 2.11 1911 1.29 1.285 1912 -0.19 -0.19 1913 1.81 1.81 1914 1.99 1.985 1915 -0.62 -0.615 1916 0.54 0.535 1917 -3.57 -3.565 1918 0.06 0.06 1919 -0.22 -0.215 1920 2.31 2.31 1921 2.71 2.71 1922 -1.39 -1.39 1923 -0.14 -0.14 1924 -2.29 -2.29 1925 2.09 2.085 1926 -0.37 -0.365 1927 1.16 1.16 1928 0.09 0.085 1929 -2.09 -2.09 1930 2.46 2.46 1931 -1.44 -1.44 1932 0.81 0.81 1933 0.61 0.61 1934 2.49 2.485 1935 1.16 1.16 1936 0.31 0.31 1937 0.44 0.435 1938 2.81 2.81 1939 2.19 2.185 1940 -4.24 -4.24 1941 -3.74 -3.74 1942 -5.32 -5.315 1943 2.69 2.685 1944 0.56 0.56 1945 1.69 1.685 1946 0.29 0.285 1947 -2.77 -2.765 1948 0.89 0.885 1949 2.41 2.41 1950 0.96 0.96 1951 -0.07 -0.065 1952 0.61 0.61 1953 1.36 1.36 1954 -0.99 -0.99 1955 -1.67 -1.665 1956 -2.54 -2.54 1957 0.79 0.785 1958 -2.52 -2.515 1959 1.44 1.435 1960 -0.87 -0.865 1961 2.54 2.535 1962 -0.09 -0.09 1963 -3.04 -3.04 1964 0.26 0.26 1965 -0.12 -0.115 1966 -3.57 -3.565 1967 1.09 1.085 1968 0.16 0.16 1969 -1.17 -1.165 1970 -3.44 -3.44 1971 0.31 0.31 1972 0.74 0.735 1973 2.61 2.61 1974 2.86 2.86 1975 2.26 2.26 1976 -0.54 -0.54 1977 -0.02 -0.015 1978 -0.59 -0.59 1979 -1.79 -1.79 1980 -1.19 -1.19 1981 -0.14 -0.14 1982 -0.39 -0.39 1983 1.31 1.31 1984 0.76 0.76 1985 -4.07 -4.065 1986 -1.67 -1.665 1987 -3.02 -3.015 1988 1.11 1.11 1989 4.11 4.11 1990 4.71 4.71 1991 1.71 1.71 1992 2.39 2.385 1993 2.36 2.36 1994 0.34 0.335 1995 1.66 1.66 1996 -0.59 -0.59 1997 1.59 1.585 1998 1.89 1.885 1999 1.76 1.76 2000 2.56 2.56 2001 0.81 0.81 2002 3.09 3.085 2003 0.64 0.635 2004 1.56 1.56 2005 1.56 1.56 2006 -0.37 -0.365 2007 2.91 2.91 2008 3.81 3.81