# Guiterman fire data from Toh-ni-tsa Lookout Road - IMPD USTLR002
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. 
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/36184
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-fire-36184.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Fire History
#
# Dataset_DOI:
#
# Science_Keywords: 
#
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
# 
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/ustlr002.fhx
#   Data_Download_Description: Data - Fire History Exchange File (FHX); Toh-ni-tsa Lookout Road Fire Scar Data 
# 
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/ustlr002-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: Metadata - NOAA Template File; Toh-ni-tsa Lookout Road Fire Scar Metadata
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2022-01-26
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2022-01-26
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Guiterman fire data from Toh-ni-tsa Lookout Road - IMPD USTLR002
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Guiterman, Christopher H. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-9332); Schwann, Melissa
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: 
# This dataset was contributed as part of the North American Tree-ring Fire Scar Synthesis (NAFSS) project (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/34853). Data were contributed to the project from the original data generators.
# 
# Sample Storage Location: Laboratory of Tree-Ring, University of Arizona
# Dating Method: Dated
# Related ITRDB_Chronology: Not Applicable
# 
# Fire scar data from this site are available in FHX2 format at:
#   https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/ustlr002.fhx
# along with associated metadata at:
#   https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/ustlr002-noaa.txt
# 
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#   Funding_Agency_Name:
#   Grant:
#--------------------
# Publication 
#   Authors: Savage, Melissa; Swetnam, Thomas W.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 1990
#   Published_Title: Early 19th-century fire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest
#   Journal_Name: Ecology
#   Volume: 71
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 6
#   Pages: 2374--2378
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.2307/1938649
#   Publication_Place: 
#   Publisher: 
#   ISBN: 
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Other_Reference_Details: 
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: 
# Isolated, relic populations of Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple, Sapindaceae) were found in deep canyons in central Texas. Associated with them on hilltops were communities of Juniperus ashei (ash juniper). We determined the structure of relic A. grandidentatum populations and compared them to adjacent J. ashei populations. The overstory and understory density was counted and basal area was determined for all woody species in both communities using the quadrat procedure. Acer grandidentatum was the highest density (788 ± 964 or 52%) and basal area (29 ± 35 or 52%) overstory species in the canyon communities while J. ashei had the highest density (1589 ± 146 or 92%) and basal area (51 ± 13 or 88%) in the hilltop communities. In the understory of the canyon communities, there were five juvenile tree species including A. grandidentatum which had the fourth highest density (13% or 176 ± 110 plants/ha). In the hilltop communities, J. ashei was the high density understory tree species (52% or 994 ± 400 plants/ha). There were no A. Grandidentatum overstory or understory plants in the hilltop Juniperus communities. Acer grandidentatum had an inverse quadratic size distribution with few juveniles. Although we counted a number of seedlings, there was little recruitment over the last 16 years and very little potential recruitment in the previous 20 years. Juniperus ashei had an inverse exponential size distribution with many understory plants and considerable recruitment. Weibull age/size distributions showed one A. grandidentatum established in the 1670’s and 2 in the 1760’s, with peak establishment in the 1970’s. Causes of the lack of recent recruitment are uncertain, but it could be episodic due to changes in herbivory, management or other environmental conditions.
#
#--------------------
# Publication 
#   Authors: Guiterman, Christopher H; Margolis, Ellis Q; Baisan, Christopher H; Falk, Donald A; Allen, Craig D; Swetnam, Thomas W
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2019
#   Published_Title: Spatiotemporal variability of human-fire interactions on the Navajo Nation
#   Journal_Name: Ecosphere
#   Volume: 10
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 11
#   Pages: e02932
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2932
#   Publication_Place: 
#   Publisher: 
#   ISBN: 
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Other_Reference_Details: 
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: 
# Unraveling the effects of climate and land use on historical fire regimes provides important insights into broader human–fire–climate dynamics, which are necessary for ecologically based forest management. We developed a spatial human land-use model for Navajo Nation forests across which we sampled a network of tree-ring fire history sites to reflect contrasting historical land-use intensity: high human use, primarily in the Chuska Mountains, and low human use, primarily on the central Defiance Plateau. We tested for and compared human- and climate-driven changes in the fire regimes by applying change point detection, regression, and superposed epoch analyses. The historical fire regimes and fire–climate relationships reflect those of similar forests regionally and are similar between the two Navajo landscapes until the early 1800s. We then determined that a previously identified, localized, early (1830s) decline in fire activity was geographically widespread across higher human-use sites. In contrast, fires continued to burn uninterrupted through this period at the lower use sites. Though the 1830s included significantly wet and cold periods that could have contributed to fire regime decline, human factors pose a more spatiotemporally consistent explanation. A rise in Navajo pastoralism in the 1820s–1830s was concentrated seasonally in the heavy use sites. By the 1880s, livestock numbers more than doubled, grazing became far more spatially widespread, and frequent fire regimes of Navajo forests collapsed. The last widespread fire recorded on either landscape was in 1886. In the Chuska Mountains, livestock and fire coexisted for over 50 yr between the initial 1832 fire decline and the end of frequent fires after 1886, an exceptional pattern in the western United States. Though unique in its timing, character, and spatial dynamics, the collapse of historical fire regimes in Navajo forests contributed to now over a century without frequent surface fire, leaving Navajo forests at risk for large, uncharacteristic high-severity fires.
#
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Toh-ni-tsa Lookout Road - IMPD USTLR002
#   Location: North America>United States Of America>New Mexico
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 36.15452
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 36.15452
#   Easternmost_Longitude: -108.953
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -108.953
#   Elevation_m: 2747
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: USTLR002
#   First_Year: 1529
#   Last_Year: 1986
#   Time_Unit: CE
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: fire scar dates
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Species 
#   Species_Name: Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson
#   Common_Name: ponderosa pine
#   Common_Name: western yellow pine
#   Tree_Species_Code: PIPO
#   Tree_Species_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/tree-species-code.csv
#   Tree_Species_Download_Description: List of accepted tree species names and codes.
#--------------------
# Chronology Information: 
# Chronology:
#
#--------------------
# Variables
#
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/PaST-thesaurus/SKOS/past-thesaurus-v1.0.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
#   Short_name	what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method,data_format,additional_information
#
## age_ce	age,,,year Common Era,,FIRE HISTORY;TREE RING,,,N,
## tree_events	tree demographic and injury and fire event code,wood,,,,FIRE HISTORY;TREE RING,,,C,FHX2 data format; refer to IMPD documentation for description of codes
#
#--------------------
# Data:
# To access data, use Data_Download_Resource links above.