# McWethy Fire Data from Lake Kirkpatrick, New Zealand - IMPD NZKPL001
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
#
# Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17174
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/charcoal/australia/nzkpl001.txt
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/charcoal/australia/supplemental/nzkpl001-lake-kirkpatrick-nz-charcoal-impd.xlsx
#
# Original_Source_URL: 
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Fire History
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date:  2014-09-10
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: McWethy Fire Data from Lake Kirkpatrick, New Zealand - IMPD NZKPL001
#--------------------
# Investigators
#       Investigators:  McWethy,David,B.;Wilmshurst,Janet,M.;Whitlock,C.;Wood,Jamie,R.;McGlone,Matt,S.;
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: 

# Keywords, Deforestation, human impacts, fire, positive feedbacks, tipping points, paleoecology, forest transitions, land-use change, alternate stable states; 
#
# Collectors, Janet Wilmshurst, David McWethy;
# 
# Site size (ha), 3;
# 
# Sigle; 
# 
# Entity name; 
# 
# Investigators; 
# 
# Contact person, "David McWethy, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University,dmcwethy@montana.edu"; 
# 
# Sampling date; 
# 
# Sampling device; 
# 
# Diameter (cm); 
# 
# Water depth (cm);
# 
# Analysis method, raw count charcoal particles to charcoal influx;
#
# Sample storage location, Montana State University MT;
# 
# Instrumentation; 
# 
# Location description; 
# 
# Related NAPD or Neotoma Pollen Chronology; 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: McWethy,D.B.,Wilmshurst,J.M.,Whitlock,C.,Wood,J.R.,McGlone,M.S.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2014      
#       Published_Title: A high-resolution chronology of rapid forest transitions following Polynesian arrival in New Zealand
#       Journal_Name: PLoS ONE
#       Volume: 9(11)
#       Edition: e111328
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111328
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: 
#       Abstract: Human-caused forest transitions are documented worldwide, especially during periods when land use by dense agriculturally-based populations intensified. However, the rate at which prehistoric human activities led to permanent deforestation is poorly resolved. In the South Island, New Zealand, the arrival of Polynesians c. 750 years ago resulted in dramatic forest loss and conversion of nearly half of native forests to open vegetation. This transformation, termed the Initial Burning Period, is documented in pollen and charcoal records, but its speed has been poorly constrained. High-resolution chronologies developed with a series of AMS radiocarbon dates from two lake sediment cores suggest the shift from forest to shrubland occurred within decades rather than centuries at drier sites. We examine two sites representing extreme examples of the magnitude of human impacts: a drier site that was inherently more vulnerable to human-set fires and a wetter, less burnable site. The astonishing rate of deforestation at the hands of small transient populations resulted from the intrinsic vulnerability of the native flora to fire and from positive feedbacks in post-fire vegetation recovery that increased landscape flammability. Spatially targeting burning in highly-flammable seral vegetation in forests rarely experiencing fire was sufficient to create an alternate fire-prone stable state. The New Zealand example illustrates how seemingly stable forest ecosystems can experience rapid and permanent conversions. Forest loss in New Zealand is among the fastest ecological transitions documented in the Holocene; yet equally rapid transitions can be expected in present-day regions wherever positive feedbacks support alternate fire-inhibiting, fire-prone stable states.
#------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: McWethy,D.B.,Whitlock,C.,Wilmshurst,J.M.,McGlone,M.S.,Fromont,M.,Li,X., Dieffenbacher-Krall,A.,Hobbs,W.O.,Fritz,S.C.,Cook,E.R.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2010      
#       Published_Title: Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement. 
#       Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
#       Volume: 
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 107:21343-21348
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation:
#       Abstract: Humans have altered natural patterns of fire for millennia, but the impact of human-set fires is thought to have been slight in wet closed-canopy forests. In the South Island of New Zealand, Polynesians (Māori), who arrived 700–800 calibrated years (cal y) ago, and then Europeans, who settled ~150 cal y ago, used fire as a tool for forest clearance, but the structure and environmental consequences of these fires are poorly understood. High-resolution charcoal and pollen records from 16 lakes were analyzed to reconstruct the fire and vegetation history of the last 1,000 y. Diatom, chironomid, and element concentration data were examined to identify disturbance-related limnobiotic and biogeochemical changes within burned watersheds. At most sites, several high-severity fire events occurred within the first two centuries of Māori arrival and were often accompanied by a transformation in vegetation, slope stability, and lake chemistry. Proxies of past climate suggest that human activity alone, rather than unusually dry or warm conditions, was responsible for this increased fire activity. The transformation of scrub to grassland by Europeans in the mid-19th century triggered further, sometimes severe, watershed change, through additional fires, erosion, and the introduction of nonnative plant species. Alteration of natural disturbance regimes had lasting impacts, primarily because native forests had little or no previous history of fire and little resilience to the severity of burning. Anthropogenic burning in New Zealand highlights the vulnerability of closed-canopy forests to novel disturbance regimes and suggests that similar settings may be less resilient to climate-induced changes in the future. 
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: 
#       Grant: 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#   Site_Name: Lake Kirkpatrick
#   Location: New Zealand
#	Country: New Zealand
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -45.02706
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -45.02706
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 168.57374
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 168.57374
# 	Elevation:  570 
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: NZKPL001 CHAR
#	Earliest_Year: 1485
#	Most_Recent_Year: -53
#	Time_Unit: cal yr BP 
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology:
# Radiocarbon
# Site	Depth	Thick (cm)	Age BP	SD	Lab#	Basis	DeltaC13	Material
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	99	1	575	15	KCCAMS-102187	AMS	na	leaf
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	104	1	650	30	KCCAMS-102188	AMS	na	char/seed
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	108	1	680	20	KCCAMS-102189	AMS	na	char
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	109	1	640	15	KCCAMS-102190	AMS	na	leaf
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	110	1	555	20	KCCAMS-102191	AMS	na	char
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	111	1	750	15	KCCAMS-102192	AMS	na	twig
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	112	1	695	20	KCCAMS-102193	AMS	na	twig
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	113	1	635	15	KCCAMS-102194	AMS	na	wood
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	114	1	670	30	KCCAMS-102195	AMS	na	plant part
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	118	1	670	20	KCCAMS-102196	AMS	na	leaf
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	119	1	645	15	KCCAMS-71877	AMS	na	woody material
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	121	1	710	15	KCCAMS-102197	AMS	na	leaf
# Lake Kirkpatrick (2009)	191	1	1625	15	KCCAMS-71878	AMS	na	leaf
# 
# #
# ID: Lake Kirkpatrick	
# Chron Name: Lake Kirkpatrick	
# Default: no 
# Date: Jan-14 
# Prepared by: D. McWethy	
# Model: Bchron
# Depth	Thick (cm)	Age	Uage	Lage	Rationale
# 0	1	-53	-63	-44	C13
# 1	1	-47	-57	-38	C13
# 2	1	-41	-50	-32	C13
# 3	1	-35	-44	-26	C13
# 4	1	-29	-38	-20	C13
# 5	1	-23	-32	-14	C13
# 6	1	-17	-26	-8	C13
# 7	1	-11	-20	-2	C13
# 8	1	-5	-14	4	C13
# 9	1	1	-8	10	C13
# 10	1	7	-1	16	C13
# 11	1	13	5	22	C13
# 12	1	19	11	28	C13
# 13	1	26	17	34	C13
# 14	1	32	23	40	C13
# 15	1	38	29	46	C13
# 16	1	44	35	52	C13
# 17	1	50	41	58	C13
# 18	1	56	47	64	C13
# 19	1	62	53	70	C13
# 20	1	68	59	76	C13
# 21	1	74	65	82	C13
# 22	1	80	71	88	C13
# 23	1	86	77	94	C13
# 24	1	92	83	100	C13
# 25	1	98	89	106	C13
# 26	1	104	95	112	C13
# 27	1	110	101	118	C13
# 28	1	116	107	124	C13
# 29	1	122	113	130	C13
# 30	1	128	119	136	C13
# 31	1	134	125	142	C13
# 32	1	140	131	148	C13
# 33	1	146	137	154	C13
# 34	1	152	143	160	C13
# 35	1	158	149	166	C13
# 36	1	164	155	172	C13
# 37	1	170	161	178	C13
# 38	1	176	167	184	C13
# 39	1	182	173	190	C13
# 40	1	189	179	196	C13
# 41	1	195	185	203	C13
# 42	1	201	191	209	C13
# 43	1	207	197	215	C13
# 44	1	213	203	221	C13
# 45	1	219	209	227	C13
# 46	1	225	215	233	C13
# 47	1	231	221	239	C13
# 48	1	237	227	245	C13
# 49	1	243	233	251	C13
# 50	1	249	239	257	C13
# 51	1	255	245	264	C13
# 52	1	261	250	270	C13
# 53	1	267	256	276	C13
# 54	1	273	262	282	C13
# 55	1	279	268	288	C13
# 56	1	285	274	294	C13
# 57	1	291	280	300	C13
# 58	1	297	286	307	C13
# 59	1	303	292	313	C13
# 60	1	309	298	319	C13
# 61	1	315	304	325	C13
# 62	1	321	309	331	C13
# 63	1	327	315	337	C13
# 64	1	333	321	343	C13
# 65	1	339	327	349	C13
# 66	1	345	333	355	C13
# 67	1	352	339	361	C13
# 68	1	358	345	368	C13
# 69	1	364	351	374	C13
# 70	1	370	357	380	C13
# 71	1	376	362	386	C13
# 72	1	382	368	392	C13
# 73	1	388	374	398	C13
# 74	1	394	380	405	C13
# 75	1	400	386	411	C13
# 76	1	406	392	417	C13
# 77	1	412	398	423	C13
# 78	1	418	404	429	C13
# 79	1	424	410	436	C13
# 80	1	430	416	442	C13
# 81	1	436	422	448	C13
# 82	1	442	427	454	C13
# 83	1	448	433	460	C13
# 84	1	454	439	466	C13
# 85	1	460	445	472	C13
# 86	1	466	451	479	C13
# 87	1	472	457	485	C13
# 88	1	478	463	491	C13
# 89	1	484	469	497	C13
# 90	1	490	474	503	C13
# 91	1	496	480	509	C13
# 92	1	502	486	516	C13
# 93	1	509	492	522	C13
# 94	1	515	498	528	C13
# 95	1	521	504	534	C13
# 96	1	527	509	541	C13
# 97	1	533	515	547	C13
# 98	1	539	521	553	C13
# 99	1	545	528	559	C13
# 100	1	551	532	565	C13
# 101	1	556	536	573	C13
# 102	1	562	539	580	C13
# 103	1	568	542	588	C13
# 104	1	574	545	597	C13
# 105	1	580	547	606	C13
# 106	1	586	549	614	C13
# 107	1	592	550	623	C13
# 108	1	598	551	632	C13
# 109	1	599	555	630	C13
# 110	1	600	558	631	C13
# 111	1	601	560	631	C13
# 112	1	602	561	632	C13
# 113	1	603	562	635	C13
# 114	1	604	563	638	C13
# 115	1	605	564	641	C13
# 116	1	605	563	646	C13
# 117	1	606	559	651	C13
# 118	1	609	568	648	C13
# 119	1	611	571	651	C13
# 120	1	613	568	661	C13
# 121	1	625	581	673	C13
# 122	1	637	594	684	C13
# 123	1	650	607	696	C13
# 124	1	662	620	707	C13
# 125	1	674	633	719	C13
# 126	1	686	646	731	C13
# 127	1	699	659	743	C13
# 128	1	711	671	755	C13
# 129	1	723	684	767	C13
# 130	1	736	697	779	C13
# 131	1	748	709	791	C13
# 132	1	760	721	803	C13
# 133	1	773	733	815	C13
# 134	1	785	746	827	C13
# 135	1	797	758	839	C13
# 136	1	809	770	851	C13
# 137	1	822	783	863	C13
# 138	1	834	796	876	C13
# 139	1	846	808	888	C13
# 140	1	859	820	900	C13
# 141	1	871	833	913	C13
# 142	1	883	845	925	C13
# 143	1	896	857	938	C13
# 144	1	908	869	950	C13
# 145	1	920	881	963	C13
# 146	1	933	893	975	C13
# 147	1	945	905	987	C13
# 148	1	957	917	1000	C13
# 149	1	969	929	1012	C13
# 150	1	982	942	1025	C13
# 151	1	994	954	1037	C13
# 152	1	1006	966	1050	C13
# 153	1	1019	978	1062	C13
# 154	1	1031	990	1074	C13
# 155	1	1043	1002	1087	C13
# 156	1	1056	1014	1099	C13
# 157	1	1068	1026	1111	C13
# 158	1	1080	1038	1124	C13
# 159	1	1092	1050	1136	C13
# 160	1	1105	1062	1148	C13
# 161	1	1117	1074	1161	C13
# 162	1	1129	1086	1173	C13
# 163	1	1142	1098	1185	C13
# 164	1	1154	1111	1198	C13
# 165	1	1166	1123	1210	C13
# 166	1	1179	1135	1223	C13
# 167	1	1191	1147	1235	C13
# 168	1	1203	1159	1247	C13
# 169	1	1215	1170	1260	C13
# 170	1	1228	1182	1273	C13
# 171	1	1240	1194	1285	C13
# 172	1	1252	1206	1298	C13
# 173	1	1265	1218	1310	C13
# 174	1	1277	1230	1323	C13
# 175	1	1289	1242	1336	C13
# 176	1	1302	1254	1348	C13
# 177	1	1314	1266	1360	C13
# 178	1	1326	1278	1373	C13
# 179	1	1338	1290	1385	C13
# 180	1	1351	1302	1398	C13
# 181	1	1363	1314	1410	C13
# 182	1	1375	1326	1423	C13
# 183	1	1388	1337	1436	C13
# 184	1	1400	1349	1448	C13
# 185	1	1412	1361	1462	C13
# 186	1	1425	1372	1475	C13
# 187	1	1437	1384	1488	C13
# 188	1	1449	1395	1501	C13
# 189	1	1461	1406	1513	C13
# 190	1	1473	1417	1525	C13
# 191	1	1485	1428	1537	C13
#
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
##depth-cm         Depth,,,cm,,,,,N 
##age-calBP        Age,,,calendar years BP,,,middle of sample,,N 
##age-calBP-top    Age,,,calendar years BP,,,top of sample,,N 
##age-calBP-bottom Age,,,calendar years BP,,,bottom of sample,,N
##char-count>125   Charcoal,,,count,,fire history,size fraction >125 microns, ,N
##vol-sed-cm3      volume,sediment,,cm3,,fire history,,,N 
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth-cm	age-calBP	age-calBP-top	age-calBP-bottom	char-count	vol-sed-cm3
0	1	-53	-63	-44	7	5
1	1	-47	-57	-38	4	5
2	1	-41	-50	-32	1	5
3	1	-35	-44	-26	2	5
4	1	-29	-38	-20	5	5
5	1	-23	-32	-14	4	5
6	1	-17	-26	-8	16	5
7	1	-11	-20	-2	30	5
8	1	-5	-14	4	21	5
9	1	1	-8	10	9	5
10	1	7	-1	16	10	5
11	1	13	5	22	7	5
12	1	19	11	28	7	5
13	1	26	17	34	10	5
14	1	32	23	40	32	5
15	1	38	29	46	83	5
16	1	44	35	52	11	5
17	1	50	41	58	12	5
18	1	56	47	64	39	5
19	1	62	53	70	26	5
20	1	68	59	76	8	5
21	1	74	65	82	20	5
22	1	80	71	88	35	5
23	1	86	77	94	15	5
24	1	92	83	100	12	5
25	1	98	89	106	11	5
26	1	104	95	112	11	5
27	1	110	101	118	9	5
28	1	116	107	124	1	5
29	1	122	113	130	85	5
30	1	128	119	136	81	5
31	1	134	125	142	38	5
32	1	140	131	148	31	5
33	1	146	137	154	20	5
34	1	152	143	160	60	5
35	1	158	149	166	30	5
36	1	164	155	172	9	5
37	1	170	161	178	6	5
38	1	176	167	184	37	5
39	1	182	173	190	15	5
40	1	189	179	196	11	5
41	1	195	185	203	2	5
42	1	201	191	209	1	5
43	1	207	197	215	8	5
44	1	213	203	221	6	5
45	1	219	209	227	10	5
46	1	225	215	233	3	5
47	1	231	221	239	17	5
48	1	237	227	245	23	5
49	1	243	233	251	21	5
50	1	249	239	257	17	5
51	1	255	245	264	26	5
52	1	261	250	270	14	5
53	1	267	256	276	20	5
54	1	273	262	282	20	5
55	1	279	268	288	10	5
56	1	285	274	294	21	5
57	1	291	280	300	9	5
58	1	297	286	307	21	5
59	1	303	292	313	7	5
60	1	309	298	319	29	5
61	1	315	304	325	31	5
62	1	321	309	331	35	5
63	1	327	315	337	63	5
64	1	333	321	343	67	5
65	1	339	327	349	99	5
66	1	345	333	355	89	5
67	1	352	339	361	19	5
68	1	358	345	368	17	5
69	1	364	351	374	14	5
70	1	370	357	380	23	5
71	1	376	362	386	44	5
72	1	382	368	392	55	5
73	1	388	374	398	81	5
74	1	394	380	405	88	5
75	1	400	386	411	324	5
76	1	406	392	417	87	5
77	1	412	398	423	37	5
78	1	418	404	429	78	5
79	1	424	410	436	40	5
80	1	430	416	442	28	5
81	1	436	422	448	46	5
82	1	442	427	454	48	5
83	1	448	433	460	50	5
84	1	454	439	466	24	5
85	1	460	445	472	13	5
86	1	466	451	479	15	5
87	1	472	457	485	42	5
88	1	478	463	491	67	5
89	1	484	469	497	29	5
90	1	490	474	503	189	5
91	1	496	480	509	67	5
92	1	502	486	516	33	5
93	1	509	492	522	25	5
94	1	515	498	528	1	5
95	1	521	504	534	54	5
96	1	527	509	541	142	5
97	1	533	515	547	167	5
98	1	539	521	553	61	5
99	1	545	528	559	22	5
100	1	551	532	565	63	5
101	1	556	536	573	36	5
102	1	562	539	580	27	5
103	1	568	542	588	108	5
104	1	574	545	597	340	5
105	1	580	547	606	38	5
106	1	586	549	614	16	5
107	1	592	550	623	3	5
108	1	598	551	632	46	5
109	1	599	555	630	107	5
110	1	600	558	631	10	5
111	1	601	560	631	10	5
112	1	602	561	632	3	5
113	1	603	562	635	1	5
114	1	604	563	638	3	5
115	1	605	564	641	0	5
116	1	605	563	646	6	5
117	1	606	559	651	0	5
118	1	609	568	648	1	5
119	1	611	571	651	1	5
120	1	613	568	661	1	5
121	1	625	581	673	0	5
122	1	637	594	684	2	5
123	1	650	607	696	2	5
124	1	662	620	707	1	5
125	1	674	633	719	4	5
126	1	686	646	731	2	5
127	1	699	659	743	0	5
128	1	711	671	755	2	5
129	1	723	684	767	1	5
130	1	736	697	779	0	5
131	1	748	709	791	1	5
132	1	760	721	803	0	5
133	1	773	733	815	3	5
134	1	785	746	827	2	5
135	1	797	758	839	4	5
136	1	809	770	851	6	5
137	1	822	783	863	9	5
138	1	834	796	876	1	5
139	1	846	808	888	0	5
140	1	859	820	900	3	5
141	1	871	833	913	2	5
142	1	883	845	925	4	5
143	1	896	857	938	9	5
144	1	908	869	950	3	5
145	1	920	881	963	1	5
146	1	933	893	975	1	5
147	1	945	905	987	1	5
148	1	957	917	1000	3	5
149	1	969	929	1012	0	5
150	1	982	942	1025	4	5
151	1	994	954	1037	2	5
152	1	1006	966	1050	5	5
153	1	1019	978	1062	14	5
154	1	1031	990	1074	17	5
155	1	1043	1002	1087	24	5
156	1	1056	1014	1099	80	5
157	1	1068	1026	1111	20	5
158	1	1080	1038	1124	11	5
159	1	1092	1050	1136	2	5
160	1	1105	1062	1148	0	5
161	1	1117	1074	1161	0	5
162	1	1129	1086	1173	7	5
163	1	1142	1098	1185	2	5
164	1	1154	1111	1198	2	5
165	1	1166	1123	1210	0	5
166	1	1179	1135	1223	0	5
167	1	1191	1147	1235	0	5
168	1	1203	1159	1247	1	5
169	1	1215	1170	1260	0	5
170	1	1228	1182	1273	1	5
171	1	1240	1194	1285	0	5
172	1	1252	1206	1298	2	5
173	1	1265	1218	1310	2	5
174	1	1277	1230	1323	4	5
175	1	1289	1242	1336	4	5
176	1	1302	1254	1348	4	5
177	1	1314	1266	1360	2	5
178	1	1326	1278	1373	0	5
179	1	1338	1290	1385	4	5
180	1	1351	1302	1398	11	5
181	1	1363	1314	1410	0	5
182	1	1375	1326	1423	0	5
183	1	1388	1337	1436	1	5
184	1	1400	1349	1448	1	5
185	1	1412	1361	1462	2	5
186	1	1425	1372	1475	8	5
187	1	1437	1384	1488	5	5
188	1	1449	1395	1501	1	5
189	1	1461	1406	1513	4	5
190	1	1473	1417	1525	15	5
191	1	1485	1428	1537	8	5