# McWethy Fire Data from Dukes Tarn, New Zealand - IMPD NZDKT001
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
#
# Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17173
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/charcoal/australia/nzdkt001.txt
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/charcoal/australia/supplemental/nzdkt001-dukes-tarn-nz-charcoal-impd.xlsx

#
# Original_Source_URL: 
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Fire History
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date:  2014-09-10
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: McWethy Fire Data from Dukes Tarn, New Zealand - IMPD NZDKT001
#--------------------
# Investigators
#       Investigators:  McWethy,David,B.;Wilmshurst,Janet,M.;Whitlock,C.;Wood,Jamie,R.;McGlone,Matt,S.;
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: 

# Keywords, Deforestation, human impacts, fire, positive feedbacks, tipping points, paleoecology, forest transitions, land-use change, alternate stable states; 
# Collectors, Janet Wilmshurst, Matt Mcglone, David McWethy, Cathy Whitlock;
# 
# Site size (ha), 1.5; 
# 
# Sigle; 
# 
# Entity name; 
# 
# Investigators; 
# 
# Contact person, "David McWethy, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University,dmcwethy@montana.edu"; 
# 
# Sampling date; 
# 
# Sampling device; 
# 
# Diameter (cm); 
# 
# Water depth (cm);
# 
# Analysis method, raw count charcoal particles to charcoal influx;
#
# Sample storage location, Montana State University MT;
# 
# Instrumentation; 
# 
# Location description; 
# 
# Related NAPD or Neotoma Pollen Chronology; 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: McWethy,D.B.,Wilmshurst,J.M.,Whitlock,C.,Wood,J.R.,McGlone,M.S.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2014      
#       Published_Title: A high-resolution chronology of rapid forest transitions following Polynesian arrival in New Zealand, In Press
#       Journal_Name: PLoS ONE
#       Volume: 
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: 
#       Abstract: Human-caused forest transitions are documented worldwide, especially during periods when land use by dense agriculturally-based populations intensified. However, the rate at which prehistoric human activities led to permanent deforestation is poorly resolved. In the South Island, New Zealand, the arrival of Polynesians c. 750 years ago resulted in dramatic forest loss and conversion of nearly half of native forests to open vegetation. This transformation, termed the Initial Burning Period, is documented in pollen and charcoal records, but its speed has been poorly constrained. High-resolution chronologies developed with a series of AMS radiocarbon dates from two lake sediment cores suggest the shift from forest to shrubland occurred within decades rather than centuries at drier sites. We examine two sites representing extreme examples of the magnitude of human impacts: a drier site that was inherently more vulnerable to human-set fires and a wetter, less burnable site. The astonishing rate of deforestation at the hands of small transient populations resulted from the intrinsic vulnerability of the native flora to fire and from positive feedbacks in post-fire vegetation recovery that increased landscape flammability. Spatially targeting burning in highly-flammable seral vegetation in forests rarely experiencing fire was sufficient to create an alternate fire-prone stable state. The New Zealand example illustrates how seemingly stable forest ecosystems can experience rapid and permanent conversions. Forest loss in New Zealand is among the fastest ecological transitions documented in the Holocene; yet equally rapid transitions can be expected in present-day regions wherever positive feedbacks support alternate fire-inhibiting, fire-prone stable states.
#------------------
# Publication 
#       Authors: McWethy,D.B.,Wilmshurst,J.M.,Whitlock,C.,Wood,J.R.,McGlone,M.S.
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2014      
#       Published_Title: A high-resolution chronology of rapid forest transitions following Polynesian arrival in New Zealand
#       Journal_Name: PLoS ONE
#       Volume: 9(11)
#       Edition: e111328
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 
#       DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111328
#       Online_Resource: 
#       Full_Citation: 
#       Abstract: Human-caused forest transitions are documented worldwide, especially during periods when land use by dense agriculturally-based populations intensified. However, the rate at which prehistoric human activities led to permanent deforestation is poorly resolved. In the South Island, New Zealand, the arrival of Polynesians c. 750 years ago resulted in dramatic forest loss and conversion of nearly half of native forests to open vegetation. This transformation, termed the Initial Burning Period, is documented in pollen and charcoal records, but its speed has been poorly constrained. High-resolution chronologies developed with a series of AMS radiocarbon dates from two lake sediment cores suggest the shift from forest to shrubland occurred within decades rather than centuries at drier sites. We examine two sites representing extreme examples of the magnitude of human impacts: a drier site that was inherently more vulnerable to human-set fires and a wetter, less burnable site. The astonishing rate of deforestation at the hands of small transient populations resulted from the intrinsic vulnerability of the native flora to fire and from positive feedbacks in post-fire vegetation recovery that increased landscape flammability. Spatially targeting burning in highly-flammable seral vegetation in forests rarely experiencing fire was sufficient to create an alternate fire-prone stable state. The New Zealand example illustrates how seemingly stable forest ecosystems can experience rapid and permanent conversions. Forest loss in New Zealand is among the fastest ecological transitions documented in the Holocene; yet equally rapid transitions can be expected in present-day regions wherever positive feedbacks support alternate fire-inhibiting, fire-prone stable states.
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#       Funding_Agency_Name: 
#       Grant: 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#   Site_Name: Dukes Tarn
#   Location: New Zealand
#	Country: New Zealand
#	Northernmost_Latitude: -44.96418
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -44.96418
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 168.49269
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 168.49269
# 	Elevation:  830
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: NZDKT001 CHAR
#	Earliest_Year: 772
#	Most_Recent_Year: -51
#	Time_Unit: cal yr BP 
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology:
# Radiocarbon
# Site	Depth	Thick (cm)	Age BP	SD	Lab#	Basis	DeltaC13	Material
# Dukes Tarn	33	1	210	20	KCCAMS-55542	AMS	na	leaf
# Dukes Tarn	119	1	390	15	KCCAMS-55541	AMS	na	leaf
# Dukes Tarn	129	1	710	15	KCCAMS-102198	AMS	na	twig
# Dukes Tarn	131	1	680	20	KCCAMS-102199	AMS	na	charcoal
# Dukes Tarn	132	1	710	30	KCCAMS-102200	AMS	na	leaf
# Dukes Tarn	135	1	700	15	KCCAMS-102201	AMS	na	twig
# Dukes Tarn	137	1	720	15	KCCAMS-102202	AMS	na	leaf
# Dukes Tarn	139	1	670	15	KCCAMS-55540	AMS	na	leaf
# Dukes Tarn	165	1	905	20	KCCAMS-71876	AMS	na	leaf
# 
# Chronology
# ID: Dukes Tarn
# Chron Name: Dukes Tarn
# Default: no
# Date: Jan-14
# Prepared by: D. McWethy
# Model: Bchron
# 
# Depth	Thick (cm)	Age	Uage	Lage	Rationale
# 1	1	-51	-61	-42	C13
# 2	1	-44	-55	-33	C13
# 3	1	-36	-50	-23	C13
# 4	1	-28	-46	-14	C13
# 5	1	-20	-42	-4	C13
# 6	1	-12	-37	6	C13
# 7	1	-4	-33	16	C13
# 8	1	3	-28	26	C13
# 9	1	11	-24	36	C13
# 10	1	19	-20	46	C13
# 11	1	27	-15	57	C13
# 12	1	35	-11	67	C13
# 13	1	43	-7	77	C13
# 14	1	50	-2	87	C13
# 15	1	58	2	97	C13
# 16	1	66	6	107	C13
# 17	1	74	11	118	C13
# 18	1	82	15	128	C13
# 19	1	90	19	138	C13
# 20	1	97	23	149	C13
# 21	1	105	27	159	C13
# 22	1	113	32	169	C13
# 23	1	121	36	179	C13
# 24	1	129	41	189	C13
# 25	1	137	45	199	C13
# 26	1	144	49	210	C13
# 27	1	152	53	220	C13
# 28	1	160	58	231	C13
# 29	1	168	62	241	C13
# 30	1	176	66	251	C13
# 31	1	184	70	262	C13
# 32	1	191	75	272	C13
# 33	1	199	79	283	C13
# 34	1	202	83	285	C13
# 35	1	204	87	286	C13
# 36	1	206	91	288	C13
# 37	1	209	95	290	C13
# 38	1	211	100	292	C13
# 39	1	213	104	294	C13
# 40	1	216	108	296	C13
# 41	1	218	112	297	C13
# 42	1	220	116	299	C13
# 43	1	223	120	301	C13
# 44	1	225	123	304	C13
# 45	1	227	126	306	C13
# 46	1	230	130	308	C13
# 47	1	232	134	310	C13
# 48	1	234	138	313	C13
# 49	1	237	141	315	C13
# 50	1	239	145	317	C13
# 51	1	241	149	319	C13
# 52	1	244	152	321	C13
# 53	1	246	155	323	C13
# 54	1	248	158	325	C13
# 55	1	251	162	328	C13
# 56	1	253	165	329	C13
# 57	1	256	168	332	C13
# 58	1	258	171	334	C13
# 59	1	260	174	336	C13
# 60	1	263	177	338	C13
# 61	1	265	180	340	C13
# 62	1	267	183	342	C13
# 63	1	270	187	344	C13
# 64	1	272	190	346	C13
# 65	1	274	193	348	C13
# 66	1	277	197	350	C13
# 67	1	279	200	352	C13
# 68	1	281	203	354	C13
# 69	1	284	206	356	C13
# 70	1	286	209	358	C13
# 71	1	288	212	360	C13
# 72	1	291	216	362	C13
# 73	1	293	219	364	C13
# 74	1	295	222	367	C13
# 75	1	298	226	369	C13
# 76	1	300	230	372	C13
# 77	1	302	234	374	C13
# 78	1	305	237	376	C13
# 79	1	307	240	378	C13
# 80	1	309	244	380	C13
# 81	1	312	247	382	C13
# 82	1	314	250	384	C13
# 83	1	316	253	386	C13
# 84	1	319	257	388	C13
# 85	1	321	259	390	C13
# 86	1	324	262	392	C13
# 87	1	326	265	395	C13
# 88	1	328	269	397	C13
# 89	1	331	272	399	C13
# 90	1	333	275	401	C13
# 91	1	335	277	403	C13
# 92	1	338	279	405	C13
# 93	1	340	282	407	C13
# 94	1	342	284	410	C13
# 95	1	345	286	412	C13
# 96	1	347	288	414	C13
# 97	1	349	290	416	C13
# 98	1	352	292	418	C13
# 99	1	354	294	421	C13
# 100	1	356	296	424	C13
# 101	1	359	298	426	C13
# 102	1	361	300	429	C13
# 103	1	363	302	433	C13
# 104	1	366	304	435	C13
# 105	1	368	306	438	C13
# 106	1	370	307	441	C13
# 107	1	373	309	444	C13
# 108	1	375	312	447	C13
# 109	1	377	314	450	C13
# 110	1	380	316	454	C13
# 111	1	382	318	457	C13
# 112	1	384	320	461	C13
# 113	1	387	321	464	C13
# 114	1	389	323	468	C13
# 115	1	391	325	471	C13
# 116	1	394	326	474	C13
# 117	1	396	328	478	C13
# 118	1	399	329	481	C13
# 119	1	401	331	485	C13
# 120	1	413	346	492	C13
# 121	1	426	363	499	C13
# 122	1	438	379	506	C13
# 123	1	451	394	515	C13
# 124	1	463	409	525	C13
# 125	1	475	424	537	C13
# 126	1	488	440	548	C13
# 127	1	500	455	558	C13
# 128	1	513	469	568	C13
# 129	1	525	483	580	C13
# 130	1	538	498	591	C13
# 131	1	550	512	602	C13
# 132	1	563	526	614	C13
# 133	1	575	540	625	C13
# 134	1	587	553	637	C13
# 135	1	600	565	653	C13
# 136	1	620	574	658	C13
# 137	1	640	578	666	C13
# 138	1	644	585	670	C13
# 139	1	649	592	673	C13
# 140	1	653	598	677	C13
# 141	1	657	604	682	C13
# 142	1	662	611	686	C13
# 143	1	666	617	690	C13
# 144	1	671	624	695	C13
# 145	1	675	630	699	C13
# 146	1	679	636	704	C13
# 147	1	684	642	708	C13
# 148	1	688	647	713	C13
# 149	1	692	653	717	C13
# 150	1	697	658	724	C13
# 151	1	701	664	729	C13
# 152	1	706	670	734	C13
# 153	1	710	676	738	C13
# 154	1	714	681	743	C13
# 155	1	719	687	748	C13
# 156	1	723	692	752	C13
# 157	1	728	698	757	C13
# 158	1	732	703	762	C13
# 159	1	736	707	767	C13
# 160	1	741	713	772	C13
# 161	1	745	718	777	C13
# 162	1	750	722	782	C13
# 163	1	754	726	787	C13
# 164	1	758	730	792	C13
# 165	1	763	733	797	C13
# 166	1	767	736	803	C13
# 167	1	772	739	808	C13
# 
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
##depth-cm         Depth,,,cm,,,,,N 
##age-calBP        Age,,,calendar years BP,,,middle of sample,,N 
##age-calBP-top    Age,,,calendar years BP,,,top of sample,,N 
##age-calBP-bottom Age,,,calendar years BP,,,bottom of sample,,N
##char-count>125   Charcoal,,,count,,fire history,size fraction >125 microns, ,N
##vol-sed-cm3      volume,sediment,,cm3,,fire history,,,N 
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth-cm	age-calBP	age-calBP-top	age-calBP-bottom	char-count	vol-sed-cm3
1	-51	-61	-42	1	5
2	-44	-55	-33	0	5
3	-36	-50	-23	0	5
4	-28	-46	-14	0	5
5	-20	-42	-4	0	5
6	-12	-37	6	1	5
7	-4	-33	16	1	5
8	3	-28	26	0	5
9	11	-24	36	0	5
10	19	-20	46	2	5
11	27	-15	57	0	5
12	35	-11	67	0	5
13	43	-7	77	0	5
14	50	-2	87	1	5
15	58	2	97	0	5
16	66	6	107	2	5
17	74	11	118	2	5
18	82	15	128	2	5
19	90	19	138	2	5
20	97	23	149	2	5
21	105	27	159	1	5
22	113	32	169	1	5
23	121	36	179	1	5
24	129	41	189	1	5
25	137	45	199	2	5
26	144	49	210	3	5
27	152	53	220	10	5
28	160	58	231	11	5
29	168	62	241	9	5
30	176	66	251	4	5
31	184	70	262	5	5
32	191	75	272	34	5
33	199	79	283	37	5
34	202	83	285	23	5
35	204	87	286	39	5
36	206	91	288	53	5
37	209	95	290	34	5
38	211	100	292	8	5
39	213	104	294	7	5
40	216	108	296	52	5
41	218	112	297	19	5
42	220	116	299	49	5
43	223	120	301	47	5
44	225	123	304	3	5
45	227	126	306	2	5
46	230	130	308	5	5
47	232	134	310	2	5
48	234	138	313	5	5
49	237	141	315	8	5
50	239	145	317	2	5
51	241	149	319	6	5
52	244	152	321	12	5
53	246	155	323	4	5
54	248	158	325	12	5
55	251	162	328	81	5
56	253	165	329	0	5
57	256	168	332	40	5
58	258	171	334	6	5
59	260	174	336	1	5
60	263	177	338	3	5
61	265	180	340	3	5
62	267	183	342	5	5
63	270	187	344	5	5
64	272	190	346	4	5
65	274	193	348	6	5
66	277	197	350	2	5
67	279	200	352	6	5
68	281	203	354	15	5
69	284	206	356	2	5
70	286	209	358	3	5
71	288	212	360	4	5
72	291	216	362	12	5
73	293	219	364	11	5
74	295	222	367	15	5
75	298	226	369	11	5
76	300	230	372	20	5
77	302	234	374	50	5
78	305	237	376	11	5
79	307	240	378	7	5
80	309	244	380	31	5
81	312	247	382	26	5
82	314	250	384	22	5
83	316	253	386	19	5
84	319	257	388	32	5
85	321	259	390	78	5
86	324	262	392	54	5
87	326	265	395	7	5
88	328	269	397	7	5
89	331	272	399	2	5
90	333	275	401	14	5
91	335	277	403	10	5
92	338	279	405	10	5
93	340	282	407	16	5
94	342	284	410	12	5
95	345	286	412	26	5
96	347	288	414	11	5
97	349	290	416	30	5
98	352	292	418	13	5
99	354	294	421	17	5
100	356	296	424	11	5
101	359	298	426	9	5
102	361	300	429	9	5
103	363	302	433	6	5
104	366	304	435	2	5
105	368	306	438	11	5
106	370	307	441	9	5
107	373	309	444	14	5
108	375	312	447	22	5
109	377	314	450	100	5
110	380	316	454	64	5
111	382	318	457	21	5
112	384	320	461	27	5
113	387	321	464	33	5
114	389	323	468	40	5
115	391	325	471	23	5
116	394	326	474	57	5
117	396	328	478	45	5
118	399	329	481	19	5
119	401	331	485	25	5
120	413	346	492	16	5
121	426	363	499	14	5
122	438	379	506	17	5
123	451	394	515	31	5
124	463	409	525	32	5
125	475	424	537	42	5
126	488	440	548	15	5
127	500	455	558	45	5
128	513	469	568	44	5
129	525	483	580	25	5
130	538	498	591	43	5
131	550	512	602	77	5
132	563	526	614	37	5
133	575	540	625	89	5
134	587	553	637	75	5
135	600	565	653	46	5
136	620	574	658	50	5
137	640	578	666	9	5
138	644	585	670	0	5
139	649	592	673	0	5
140	653	598	677	2	5
141	657	604	682	1	5
142	662	611	686	6	5
143	666	617	690	2	5
144	671	624	695	1	5
145	675	630	699	7	5
146	679	636	704	3	5
147	684	642	708	2	5
148	688	647	713	9	5
149	692	653	717	7	5
150	697	658	724	2	5
151	701	664	729	1	5
152	706	670	734	1	5
153	710	676	738	2	5
154	714	681	743	8	5
155	719	687	748	1	5
156	723	692	752	1	5
157	728	698	757	1	5
158	732	703	762	1	5
159	736	707	767	2	5
160	741	713	772	3	5
161	745	718	777	6	5
162	750	722	782	5	5
163	754	726	787	15	5
164	758	730	792	30	5
165	763	733	797	9	5
166	767	736	803	9	5
167	772	739	808	0	5