# Galapagos Fossil and Modern Coral Geochemical and Density Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/33733 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/reed2021/reed2021wfl03ann.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: trace metals, physical properties, chemistry #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2021-07-06 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2021-07-06 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Galapagos Fossil and Modern Coral Geochemical and Density Data #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Reed, E.V.; Thompson, D.M.; Cole, J.E.; Lough, J.M.; Cantin, N.E.; Cheung, A.H.; Tudhope, A.; Vetter, L.; Jimenez, G.; Edwards, R.L. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Coral trace metal (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, and Ba/Ca) and skeletal density data from living and fossil samples collected near Wolf Island, Galapagos. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: E. V. Reed, D. M. Thompson, J. E. Cole, J. M. Lough, N. E. Cantin, A. H. Cheung, Alexander Tudhope, Lael Vetter, Gloria Jimenez, and R. Lawrence Edwards # Published_Date_or_Year: 2021 # Published_Title: Impacts of coral growth on geochemistry: Lessons from the Galapagos Islands # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 36 # Edition: # Issue: 4 # Pages: e2020PA004051 # Report_Number: # DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004051 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Coral geochemical climate reconstructions can extend our knowledge of global climate variability and trends over timescales longer than those of instrumental data. However, such reconstructions can be biased by coral growth and skeletal architecture, such as growth troughs, off-axis corallite orientation, and changing growth direction. This study quantifies the impact of skeletal architecture and growth on geochemistry using measurements of coral skeletal density, extension rate, and calcification rate, and uses these metrics to improve paleoclimate reconstructions. We present paired geochemistry-density records at Wolf Island, Galápagos, from three Porites lobata corals: two new paired density and geochemistry records from one fossil coral, and new density data from two previously published modern geochemistry records. We categorize each sampling transect used in this record by the quality of its orientation with respect to skeletal architecture. We observe relationships between geochemistry and density that are not detected using extension or calcification rate alone. These density-geochemistry relationships likely reflect both the response of coral growth to environmental conditions and the non-climatic impact of skeletal architecture on geochemistry in sub-optimal sampling transects. Correlations of density with Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Mg/Ca are consistent with the Rayleigh fractionation model of trace element incorporation into coral skeletons. Removing transects with sub-optimal skeletal architecture increases mean reconstructed SST closer to instrumental mean SST, and lowers errors of reconstruction by up to 20%. These results demonstrate the usefulness of coral density data for assessing skeletal architecture and growth when generating coral paleoclimate records. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Gloria Jimenez, Julia E. Cole, Diane M. Thompson, and Alexander W. Tudhope # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Northern Galapagos Corals Reveal Twentieth Century Warming in the Eastern Tropical Pacific # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 45 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1981-1988 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075323 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Models and observations disagree regarding sea surface temperature (SST) trends in the eastern tropical Pacific. We present a new Sr/Ca-SST record that spans 1940–2010 from two Wolf Island corals (northern Gala´pagos). Trend analysis of the Wolf record shows significant warming on multiple timescales, which is also present in several other records and gridded instrumental products. Together, these data sets suggest that most of the eastern tropical Pacific has warmed over the twentieth century. In contrast, recent decades have been characterized by warming during boreal spring and summer (especially north of the equator), and subtropical cooling during boreal fall and winter (especially south of the equator). These SST trends are consistent with the effects of radiative forcing, mitigated by cooling due to wind forcing during boreal winter, as well as intensified upwelling and a strengthened Equatorial Undercurrent. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1401326/1829613, 0957881 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: UK NERC # Grant: NE/H009957 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Wolf Island # Location: Galapagos Islands # Northernmost_Latitude: 1.425 # Southernmost_Latitude: 1.425 # Easternmost_Longitude: -92.067 # Westernmost_Longitude: -92.067 # Elevation: -10 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Reed2021WLF03ann # First_Year: 1946 # Last_Year: 2010 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Trace metal (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, and partial Ba/Ca) and coral skeletal density data are given after interpolating to monthly resolution, and, as in the publication, data are NOT averaged between overlapping transects to produce a single continuous time series. Analytical precisions for trace metals (+/- 1 standard deviation): Sr/Ca=0.031 mmol/mol; Mg/Ca=0.189 mmol/mol; Ba/Ca=0.188 umol/mol. Trace element data were corrected to an internal coral standard, and the inter-laboratory standard JCp-1 was measured for comparison. WLF04 and WLF05 are cored from the same subfossil coral colony and U/Th dated; WLF10 and WLF03 were collected from different live coral colonies. Both monthly data (trace elements, density) and annual data (trace elements, density, extension, and calcification) are given, where “annual” is defined as the time between successive March tie points, determined from Sr/Ca minima (inferred SST maxima). WLF03 and WLF10 Sr/Ca were previously published in Jimenez et al. (2018), and the data here differ slightly from the prior publication: these data are presented in monthly resolution (as opposed to bimonthly resolution), are corrected to updated known values of the internal coral standard, and are not averaged between overlapping transects. Additionally, colony growth data (density, extension, and calcification) are new in this study. #--------------------------------------- # Species # Species_Name: Porites lobata # Common_Name: lobe coral # Tree_Species_Code: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## Date age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N, ## Sr/Ca strontium/calcium,Porites lobata,,millimole per mole,annual,corals and sclerosponges,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,summer-summer ## Mg/Ca magnesium/calcium,Porites lobata,,millimole per mole,annual,corals and sclerosponges,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,summer-summer ## Density_Xray density,Porites lobata,,gram per cubic centimeter,annual,corals and sclerosponges,,X-ray densitometry,N,summer-summer ## Extension extension rate,Porites lobata,,centimeter per year,annual,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,summer-summer; measured as the distance (cm) between successive annual tie points ## Calcification calcification rate,Porites lobata,,gram per square centimeter per year,annual,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,summer-summer; calculated as the product of annual X-ray density and annual extension ## Quality notes,,,,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,quality of the sampling path assessed based on density banding and corallite orientation; 1= optimal to 4 = marginal ## Transect sample identification,,,,,corals and sclerosponges,,,C,Transect name based on section of core and transect number on that section; e.g "AT1" = core section A and transect 1 # #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: # Date Sr/Ca Mg/Ca Density_Xray Extension Calcification Quality Transect 2009.75 9.197939701 4.60728848 1.650949436 2 WLF03AT1 2008.75 9.163984264 4.519127915 1.649225473 1 1.649225473 2 WLF03AT1 2007.75 9.283658844 4.546582183 1.712952934 1 1.712952934 2 WLF03AT1 2006.75 9.214769936 4.487849175 1.752608963 1.2 2.103130756 2 WLF03AT1 2005.75 9.230480279 4.352204022 1.867329278 1.1 2.054062205 2 WLF03AT1 2004.75 9.272098971 4.34094078 1.776195779 1.4 2.486674091 2 WLF03AT1 2003.75 9.222898522 4.493505195 1.8546242 1.1 2.04008662 2 WLF03AT1 2002.75 9.213338627 4.743716985 1.819036113 1.3 2.364746946 2 WLF03AT1 2001.75 9.255876164 4.616637536 1.84563958 0.9 1.661075622 2 WLF03AT1 2000.75 9.269287699 4.352454415 1.656195968 1.3 2.153054758 2 WLF03AT1 1999.75 9.30000299 4.130861143 1.770634733 1.4 2.478888627 2 WLF03AT1 1998.75 9.157479074 4.210459196 1.902611696 1.3 2.473395205 2 WLF03AT1 1997.75 9.097384034 4.523637553 1.825431236 1 1.825431236 2 WLF03AT1 1996.75 9.297050823 4.295657643 1.81886912 1.4 2.546416768 2 WLF03AT1 1995.75 9.288261487 4.372531126 1.751638786 1.5 2.627458179 2 WLF03AT1 1994.75 9.320483039 4.356119822 1.649871324 1.5 2.474806986 2 WLF03AT1 1993.75 9.221414174 4.403960652 1.642785615 1.3 2.135621299 2 WLF03AT1 1992.75 9.278646455 4.56995106 1.698034732 1.6 2.716855571 2 WLF03AT1 1991.75 9.192328628 5.155954396 1.9 2 WLF03AT1 1989.75 9.306325464 4.225217763 1.721055046 2.1 3.614215597 2 WLF03BT1 1981.75 9.262223905 4.212471629 1.776351543 1 1.776351543 3 WLF03CT2a 1980.75 9.224463197 4.00636831 1.742278625 1.1 1.916506488 3 WLF03CT2a 1979.75 9.230245313 3.932566735 1.85576804 1.2 2.226921649 3 WLF03CT2a 1978.75 9.307393036 3.869228038 1.828053405 0.7 1.279637383 3 WLF03CT2a 1976.75 9.306098815 3.921034333 1.617741864 1.2 1.941290237 3 WLF03CT2b 1975.75 9.360998463 3.756730187 1.459909271 1.1 1.605900198 3 WLF03CT2b 1973.75 9.33190912 3.937257523 1.398165055 0.7 0.978715538 3 WLF03CT3 1972.75 9.341498048 4.243493034 1.434743596 1.1 1.578217956 3 WLF03CT3 1969.75 9.318042719 4.200240526 1.507075165 2.6 3.91839543 2 WLF03D1T3 1967.75 9.311800576 4.287461075 2.101266295 2.1 4.412659221 4 WLF03D1T4 1966.75 9.26970789 4.37910711 2.047889494 1.8 3.686201089 4 WLF03D1T4 1965.75 9.186137408 4.477691622 1.738974474 1 1.738974474 4 WLF03D1T4 1963.75 9.328766694 4.228586301 1.576070384 1.1 1.733677422 4 WLF03D1T4 1962.75 9.337739532 3.869029623 1.573191907 0.9 1.415872716 4 WLF03D1T4 1960.75 9.298192111 3.926202569 1.32133945 1.5 1.982009175 3 WLF03D2T1 1959.75 9.298441643 4.100648061 1.463824764 1.1 1.610207241 3 WLF03D2T1 1958.75 9.304918664 3.966049925 1.35548995 1.3 1.762136936 3 WLF03D2T1 1957.75 9.362269213 4.439463016 1.513881002 1.6 2.422209603 3 WLF03D2T2 1956.75 9.438163999 4.404941143 1.484052003 1.5 2.226078004 3 WLF03D2T2 1955.75 9.412779708 4.424176886 1.472056075 1.4 2.060878506 3 WLF03D2T2 1953.75 9.270617589 4.16169006 1.855032155 2.2 4.081070741 3 WLF03ET1top 1945.75 9.339210934 4.377187747 1.533336255 1.1 1.68666988 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1944.75 9.337760192 4.315959116 1.553416422 1.2 1.864099707 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1943.75 9.24812766 4.386372797 1.580047401 1.2 1.896056881 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1942.75 9.324597966 4.310622781 1.57329704 0.9 1.415967336 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1941.75 9.322488076 4.338298741 1.511200133 1.2 1.81344016 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1940.75 9.269855817 4.413117275 1.475870883 1.2 1.771045059 3 WLF03ET1bottom 1951.75 9.285694444 4.333900477 1.53770489 1.2 1.845245868 2 WLF03ET2 1950.75 9.201180556 4.308886161 1.657203493 1.4 2.32008489 2 WLF03ET2 1949.75 9.305694444 4.238528479 1.624816966 0.7 1.137371876 2 WLF03ET2 1948.75 9.323958333 4.214136569 1.6127256 1.3 2.09654328 2 WLF03ET2 1947.75 9.344166667 4.166077035 1.668663123 0.9 1.501796811 2 WLF03ET2 1946.75 9.222708333 4.330664982 1.674017084 1.2 2.008820501 2 WLF03ET2 1945.75 9.315 4.4 1.74994121 1.1 1.924935331 2 WLF03ET2