# North Atlantic Deglacial Isotope Data and Reconstructions of Salinity and SST #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/16491 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-ocean-16491.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/59sb-ah75 # # Science_Keywords: Younger Dryas, Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction, Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction, Heinrich Events #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/thornalley2011/thornalley2011-15-4p-benth-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; RAPiD-15-4P Benthic Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2014-05-21 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2024-06-06 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: North Atlantic Deglacial Isotope Data and Reconstructions of Salinity and SST #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Thornalley, D.J.R.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5885-5499); Elderfield, H.; McCave, I.N.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4702-5489) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Data collected by David J.R. Thornalley (Univ. of Cambridge); Principal Investigator: I. Nick McCave (Univ. of Cambridge); cruise CD-159, funded by UK RAPID program. # # Stable isotope values relative to VPDB standard, run in Godwin Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge. Temperature calculated using Mg/Ca = B exp (0.1 × T). B = 0.794, 0.76 and 0.52 for G. bulloides, G. inflata and N. pachy. (s) respectively. # # RAPiD-10-1P: N. pachy. (s) and Cib. spp. isotope data originally presented in Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009PA001833. # # RAPiD-12-1K: Please cite Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, Nature, 2009. For % sand and G. inflata d13C data, please cite Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, 2010, Paleoceanography, DOI:10.1029/2009PA001833. Vital effect of -0.24 applied to Melonis d18O data. Salinity calculated using Kim and O'Neil (1997) to obtain d18Osw, including a 0.6‰ offset for G. bulloides, and VPDB to SMOW conversion of 0.27‰; # # Converted to salinity using Schmidt and Legrande (2006) N. Atlantic d18Osw-S relationship; Also corrected for whole ocean d18O and salinity changes (1 per mil glacial-interglacial) scaled to Fairbanks (1989) sea-level curve. Core-top age assignment: The core-top was not lost; assume 0cm=2004AD, but account for top 2 cm well mixed by bioturbation. # # RAPiD-15-4P: All data except N. pachy.(s) originally presented in Thornalley, McCave & Elderfield, 2010, Paleoceanography, DOI:10.1029/2009PA001772. N. pachy. (s) isotope data originally presented in Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, 2010, Paleoceanography, DOI:10.1029/2009PA001833. # # d18Osw calculated using Kim and O'Neil (1997), including a -0.6‰ offset for G. bulloides. Note - no offset used for N. pachy.(s) contrary to manuscript, and VPDB to SMOW conversion of 0.27‰ # # "Ice-volume corrected" for whole ocean changes using Fairbanks (1989) sea-level curve, assuming a LGM to late Holocene shift of 1‰. Salinity calculated based on North Atlantic relation of LeGrande and Schmidt (2006) and also for N. pachyderma for mixing with a freshwater endmember # # RAPiD-17-5P: C. wuell. And IRD data originally presented in Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, 2010, Paleoceanography, DOI:10.1029/2009PA001833. d18Osw calculated using Kim and O'Neil (1997), including a 0.6‰ offset for G. bulloides, and VPDB to SMOW conversion of 0.27‰ # # "Ice-volume corrected" for whole ocean changes using Fairbanks (1989) sea-level curve, assuming a LGM to late Holocene shift of 1‰. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Thornalley, D.J.R., H. Elderfield, and I.N. McCave # Journal_Name: Global and Planetary Change # Published_Title: Reconstructing North Atlantic deglacial surface hydrography and its link to the Atlantic overturning circulation # Published_Date_or_Year: 2011 # Volume: 79 # Pages: 163-175 # Issue: 3-4 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.06.003 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Paired Mg/Ca–d18O measurements on multiple species of planktic foraminifera are combined with published benthic isotope records from south of Iceland in order to assess the role North Atlantic freshwater input played in determining the evolution of hydrography and climate during the last deglaciation. We demonstrate that Globigerina bulloides and Globorotalia inflata are restricted to intervals when warm Atlantic waters reached the area south of Iceland, and therefore Mg/Ca–d18O data from these species monitor changes in the temperature and seawater d18O signature of the northward inflow of Atlantic water to the area. In contrast, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) calcifies within local subpolar/polar waters and new Mg/Ca–d18O analyses on this species document changes in this water mass. We observe two major surface ocean events during Heinrich Stadial 1 (~ 17–14.7 ka): an early freshening of the Atlantic Inflow (~ 17–16 ka), and a later interval (16–14.7 ka) of local surface freshening, sea-ice formation and brine rejection that was associated with a further reduction in deep ocean ventilation. Centennial-scale cold intervals during the Bølling–Allerød (BA, 14.7–12.9 ka) were likely triggered by the rerouting of North American continental run-off during ice-sheet retreat. However, the relative effects of these freshwater events on deep ventilation and climate south of Iceland appear to have been modulated by the background climate deterioration. Two freshwater events occurred during the Younger Dryas cold interval (YD, 12.9–11.7 ka), both accompanied by a reduction in deep ventilation south of Iceland: an early YD freshening of the Atlantic Inflow and local subpolar/polar waters, and a late YD ice-rafted detritus event that was possibly related to brine formation south of Iceland. Based on our reconstructions, the strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at the onset of BA and Holocene may have been promoted by the subsurface warming of subpolar/polar water, brine formation that drew warm saline Atlantic water northwards, and the high background salinity of the Atlantic Inflow. #-------------------- # Authors: Thornalley, D.J.R., I.N. McCave, and H. Elderfield # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Published_Title: Freshwater input and abrupt deglacial climate change in the North Atlantic # Published_Date_or_Year: 2010 # Volume: 25 # Pages: # Issue: 1 # Report_Number: PA1201 # DOI: 10.1029/2009PA001772 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Greenland ice core records indicate that the last deglaciation (~7-21 ka) was punctuated by numerous abrupt climate reversals involving temperature changes of up to 5°C-10°C within decades. However, the cause behind many of these events is uncertain. A likely candidate may have been the input of deglacial meltwater, from the Laurentide ice sheet (LIS), to the high-latitude North Atlantic, which disrupted ocean circulation and triggered cooling. Yet the direct evidence of meltwater input for many of these events has so far remained undetected. In this study, we use the geochemistry (paired Mg/Ca-d18O) of planktonic foraminifera from a sediment core south of Iceland to reconstruct the input of freshwater to the northern North Atlantic during abrupt deglacial climate change. Our record can be placed on the same timescale as ice cores and therefore provides a direct comparison between the timing of freshwater input and climate variability. Meltwater events coincide with the onset of numerous cold intervals, including the Older Dryas (14.0 ka), two events during the Allerød (at ~13.1 and 13.6 ka), the Younger Dryas (12.9 ka), and the 8.2 ka event, supporting a causal link between these abrupt climate changes and meltwater input. During the Bølling-Allerød warm interval, we find that periods of warming are associated with an increased meltwater flux to the northern North Atlantic, which in turn induces abrupt cooling, a cessation in meltwater input, and eventual climate recovery. This implies that feedback between climate and meltwater input produced a highly variable climate. A comparison to published data sets suggests that this feedback likely included fluctuations in the southern margin of the LIS causing rerouting of LIS meltwater between southern and eastern drainage outlets, as proposed by Clark et al. (2001). #-------------------- # Authors: Thornalley, D.J.R., H. Elderfield, and I.N. McCave # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Published_Title: Intermediate and Deep Water Paleoceanography of the Northern North Atlantic Over the Past 21,000 years # Published_Date_or_Year: 2010 # Volume: 25 # Pages: # Issue: 1 # Report_Number: PA1211 # DOI: 10.1029/2009PA001833 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope records from four high-resolution sediment cores, forming a depth transect between 1237 m and 2303 m on the South Iceland Rise, have been used to reconstruct intermediate and deep water paleoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic during the last 21 ka (spanning Termination I and the Holocene). Typically, a sampling resolution of ~100 years is attained. Deglacial core chronologies are accurately tied to North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core records through the correlation of tephra layers and changes in the percent abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) with transitions in NGRIP. The evolution from the glacial mode of circulation to the present regime is punctuated by two periods with low benthic d13C and d18O values, which do not lie on glacial or Holocene water mass mixing lines. These periods correlate with the late Younger Dryas/Early Holocene (11.5–12.2 ka) and Heinrich Stadial 1 (14.7–16.8 ka) during which time freshwater input and sea-ice formation led to brine rejection both locally and as an overflow exported from the Nordic seas into the northern North Atlantic, as earlier reported by Meland et al. (2008). The export of brine with low d13C values from the Nordic seas complicates traditional interpretations of low d13C values during the deglaciation as incursions of southern sourced water, although the spatial extent of this brine is uncertain. The records also reveal that the onset of the Younger Dryas was accompanied by an abrupt and transient (~200–300 year duration) decrease in the ventilation of the northern North Atlantic. During the Holocene, Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water only reached its modern flow strength and/or depth over the South Iceland Rise by 7–8 ka, in parallel with surface ocean reorganizations and a cessation in deglacial meltwater input to the North Atlantic. #-------------------- # Authors: Thornalley, D.J.R., H. Elderfield, and I.N. McCave # Journal_Name: Nature # Published_Title: Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the subpolar North Atlantic # Published_Date_or_Year: 2009 # Volume: 457 # Pages: 711-714 # Issue: 5 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/nature07717 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) transports warm salty surface waters to high latitudes, where they cool, sink and return southwards at depth. Through its attendant meridional heat transport, the AMOC helps maintain a warm northwestern European climate, and acts as a control on the global climate. Past climate fluctuations during the Holocene epoch (~11,700 years ago to the present) have been linked with changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation. The behaviour of the surface flowing salty water that helped drive overturning during past climatic changes is, however, not well known. Here we investigate the temperature and salinity changes of a substantial surface inflow to a region of deep-water formation throughout the Holocene. We find that the inflow has undergone millennial-scale variations in temperature and salinity (~3.5°C and ~1.5 practical salinity units, respectively) most probably controlled by subpolar gyre dynamics. The temperature and salinity variations correlate with previously reported periods of rapid climate change. The inflow becomes more saline during enhanced freshwater flux to the subpolar North Atlantic. Model studies predict a weakening of AMOC in response to enhanced Arctic freshwater fluxes, although the inflow can compensate on decadal timescales by becoming more saline. Our data suggest that such a negative feedback mechanism may have operated during past intervals of climate change. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: RAPiD-15-4P # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Northernmost_Latitude: 62.2994 # Southernmost_Latitude: 62.2994 # Easternmost_Longitude: -17.1344 # Westernmost_Longitude: -17.1344 # Elevation_m: -2133 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: RAPiD-15-4P benthic Th11 # First_Year: 20352 # Last_Year: 6029 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes # Notes: Data originally presented in Thornalley, Elderfield & McCave, 2010, Paleoceanography, 2009PA001833. Stable isotope values relative to VPDB standard, run in Godwin Laboratory, Univ. of Cambridge. d18Osw calculated using Kim and O'Neil (1997) and VPDB to SMOW conversion of 0.27‰. "Ice-volume corrected" for whole ocean changes using Fairbanks (1989) sea-level curve, assuming a LGM to late Holocene shift of 1 ‰ #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Radiocarbon # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-14c-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Radiocarbon terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Age Model for RAPiD-15-4P. SUERC (Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre) is the prefix assigned to 14C dates run by the UK NERC radiocarbon facility in Glasgow. Data published in Thornalley et al. 2010 (doi:10.1029/2009PA001772). To avoid highly variable surface radiocarbon reservoir ages throughout the deglaciation, the age models through this interval are based on correlating tephra layers found in both the sediment cores and the annual layer counted NGRIP ice core, as well as correlating abrupt coolings and warmings, as indicated by the percent abundance of the polar species Nps, with similar events in the NGRIP ice core. Age error in RAPiD-15-4P includes NGRIP error and estimates on the accuracy of tying percent Nps to NGRIP, which primarily depends upon bioturbation and sedimentation rates. # Rejection_Rationale: # Reservoir_Method: # Calibration_Method: # Age_Model_Method: # Missing_Values: NA # Chronology_Table: # lab_code depth_cm date_type material_dated age_14C_BP1950 age_14C_1s_yr age_calib_BP1950 age_calib_err_yr res_age_yr calib_curve # SUERC 14081 168.5 14C AMS Globigerina bulloides 6520 37 7089 NA 400 IntCal # SUERC 14084 368.5 14C AMS Globigerina bulloides 7906 36 8419 NA 400 IntCal # SUERC 14085 416.5 14C AMS Globigerina bulloides 8796 37 9519 NA 400 IntCal # NA 426.5 tephra Saksunarvatn ash NA NA 10297 134 NA None # NA 442.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 11410 140 NA None # NA 452.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 11653 141 NA None # NA 462.5 tephra Vedde ash NA NA 12121 152 NA None # NA 469.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 12730 167 NA None # NA 476.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 12970 245 NA None # NA 479 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 13270 250 NA None # NA 482 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 13530 185 NA None # NA 487 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 13650 188 NA None # NA 496.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 13930 194 NA None # NA 500.5 tephra Katla basalt NA NA 13970 174 NA None # NA 504.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 14070 197 NA None # NA 513.5 tie point Tied to NGRIP δ18O NA NA 14650 273 NA None # NA 542.5 tie point Tied benthic δ18O NA NA 17150 283 NA None # SUERC 14092 565.5 14C AMS Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral 18666 66 21242 NA 800 IntCal #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## depth_top depth at sample end,,,centimeter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## depth_bot depth at sample start,,,centimeter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## depth_cm depth,,,centimeter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## age_calkaBP2000 age,,,calendar kiloyear before other datum,,paleoceanography,,,N,ka before 2000 CE ## age_calkaBP age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,paleoceanography,,,N,ka before 1950 CE ## d18Oc.wuell delta 18O,Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,,per mil VPDB,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## d18Oc.wuell-ivc delta 18O,Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,,per mil VPDB,,paleoceanography,corrected,,N,ice-volume corrected ## d13Cc.wuell delta 13C,Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,,per mil VPDB,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## notes notes,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Value: NaN depth_top depth_bot depth_cm age_calkaBP2000 age_calkaBP d18Oc.wuell d18Oc.wuell-ivc d13Cc.wuell notes 144 145 144.5 6.079 6.029 2.86 2.74 1.34 152 153 152.5 6.416 6.366 2.81 2.68 1.21 168 169 168.5 7.089 7.039 2.73 2.60 1.23 232 233 232.5 7.515 7.465 2.91 2.76 0.97 304 305 304.5 7.993 7.943 2.93 2.78 1.08 320 321 320.5 8.100 8.050 3.05 2.90 0.47 344 345 344.5 8.259 8.209 2.85 2.70 0.61 400 401 400.5 9.152 9.102 2.86 2.67 0.83 408 409 408.5 9.336 9.286 2.92 2.72 0.80 436 437 436.5 11.043 10.993 3.05 2.72 0.75 438 439 438.5 11.182 11.132 3.26 2.91 0.85 444 445 444.5 11.509 11.459 3.07 2.66 0.87 452 453 452.5 11.703 11.653 3.03 2.60 0.60 453 454 453.5 11.750 11.700 3.13 2.69 0.52 454 455 454.5 11.797 11.747 3.05 2.61 0.61 455 456 455.5 11.843 11.793 2.94 2.50 0.56 456 457 456.5 11.890 11.840 2.86 2.41 0.44 457 458 457.5 11.937 11.887 3.08 2.63 0.56 458 459 458.5 11.984 11.934 3.07 2.62 0.55 459 460 459.5 12.031 11.981 3.16 2.71 0.60 463 464 463.5 12.258 12.208 3.50 3.03 0.68 464 465 464.5 12.345 12.295 3.75 3.28 0.66 465 466 465.5 12.432 12.382 3.22 2.74 0.63 466 467 466.5 12.519 12.469 3.84 3.36 0.75 467 468 467.5 12.606 12.556 3.75 3.26 0.73 468 469 468.5 12.693 12.643 3.81 3.32 0.57 469 470 469.5 12.780 12.730 3.36 2.87 0.51 470 471 470.5 12.814 12.764 3.73 3.23 0.43 471 472 471.5 12.849 12.799 3.67 3.17 0.61 473 474 473.5 12.917 12.867 3.60 3.09 0.77 474 475 474.5 12.951 12.901 3.81 3.30 0.56 475 476 475.5 12.986 12.936 3.63 3.12 0.75 476 477 476.5 13.020 12.970 3.49 2.98 0.55 478 479 478.5 13.260 13.210 3.80 3.27 0.69 480 481 480.5 13.450 13.400 3.53 2.99 0.78 481 482 481.5 13.537 13.487 3.62 3.08 0.84 482 483 482.5 13.592 13.542 3.82 3.27 0.70 483 484 483.5 13.616 13.566 3.69 3.14 0.94 484 485 484.5 13.640 13.590 3.88 3.33 0.84 485 486 485.5 13.664 13.614 3.58 3.03 0.77 486 487 486.5 13.688 13.638 3.86 3.30 0.61 487 488 487.5 13.715 13.665 3.75 3.20 0.75 489 490 489.5 13.774 13.724 3.65 3.09 0.70 490 491 490.5 13.803 13.753 3.49 2.92 0.75 491 492 491.5 13.833 13.783 3.74 3.17 0.73 492 493 492.5 13.862 13.812 3.69 3.10 0.89 493 494 493.5 13.892 13.842 3.80 3.20 0.67 494 495 494.5 13.921 13.871 3.75 3.14 0.59 495 496 495.5 13.951 13.901 3.60 2.98 0.78 496 497 496.5 13.980 13.930 3.78 3.15 0.79 497 498 497.5 13.990 13.940 3.70 3.06 0.95 498 499 498.5 14.000 13.950 3.93 3.29 1.07 499 500 499.5 14.010 13.960 3.80 3.16 0.91 500 501 500.5 14.020 13.970 3.86 3.22 0.90 501 502 501.5 14.045 13.995 3.80 3.15 0.80 502 503 502.5 14.070 14.020 3.73 3.07 0.82 503 504 503.5 14.095 14.045 3.79 3.12 0.85 504 505 504.5 14.120 14.070 3.71 3.03 0.90 505 506 505.5 14.184 14.134 3.65 2.95 0.87 506 507 506.5 14.249 14.199 3.73 3.01 1.01 507 508 507.5 14.313 14.263 3.65 2.92 0.66 508 509 508.5 14.378 14.328 3.67 2.94 0.81 509 510 509.5 14.442 14.392 3.68 2.94 0.85 510 511 510.5 14.507 14.457 3.56 2.82 0.83 511 512 511.5 14.571 14.521 3.84 3.09 0.69 512 513 512.5 14.636 14.586 3.38 2.62 0.52 513 514 513.5 14.700 14.650 3.54 2.78 0.66 515 516 515.5 14.872 14.822 3.64 2.87 0.54 516 517 516.5 14.959 14.909 3.43 2.66 0.38 517 518 517.5 15.045 14.995 3.59 2.81 0.41 518 519 518.5 15.131 15.081 3.50 2.72 0.42 519 520 519.5 15.217 15.167 3.52 2.74 0.38 520 521 520.5 15.303 15.253 3.46 2.67 0.60 521 522 521.5 15.390 15.340 3.68 2.89 0.62 522 523 522.5 15.476 15.426 3.71 2.91 0.50 Possible reworking 523 524 523.5 15.562 15.512 3.93 3.13 0.69 Possible reworking 524 525 524.5 15.648 15.598 3.55 2.74 0.75 Possible reworking 525 526 525.5 15.734 15.684 4.01 3.20 0.80 Possible reworking 526 527 526.5 15.821 15.771 3.73 2.91 0.48 Possible reworking 528 529 528.5 15.993 15.943 4.04 3.21 0.65 Possible reworking 530 531 530.5 16.166 16.116 4.26 3.43 0.89 Possible reworking 532 533 532.5 16.338 16.288 4.20 3.36 0.78 Possible reworking 534 535 534.5 16.510 16.460 4.23 3.38 0.66 Possible reworking 536 537 536.5 16.683 16.633 4.46 3.61 1.26 Possible reworking 538 539 538.5 16.855 16.805 4.47 3.61 1.00 Possible reworking 540 541 540.5 17.028 16.978 4.49 3.62 1.05 Possible reworking 542 543 542.5 17.200 17.150 4.55 3.67 1.00 Possible reworking 544 545 544.5 17.556 17.506 4.51 3.59 0.99 550 551 550.5 18.623 18.573 4.19 3.25 0.89 554 555 554.5 19.335 19.285 4.51 3.56 0.94 556 557 556.5 19.691 19.641 4.47 3.51 0.70 558 559 558.5 20.047 19.997 4.55 3.58 0.78 560 561 560.5 20.402 20.352 4.45 3.48 0.87