Iberian Margin MIS 5 Pollen and Foraminiferal Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Iberian Margin MIS5 Pollen and Foraminiferal Data LAST UPDATE: 2/2005 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goņi, Université Bordeaux 1 IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2005-024 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Sanchez Goņi, M.F. et al. 2005. Iberian Margin MIS5 Pollen and Foraminiferal Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2005-024. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Sanchez Goni, M.F., M.F. Loutre, M. Crucifix, O. Peyron, L. Santos, J. Duprat, B. Malaize, J.-L. Turon, and J.-P. Peypouquet. 2005. Increasing vegetation and climate gradient in Western Europe over the Last Glacial Inception (122–110 ka): data-model comparison. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v.231, issues 1-2, PP. 111 – 130, 28 February 2005. ABSTRACT: High-resolution terrestrial (pollen) and marine (planktic and benthic isotopes, coarse fraction, and N. pachyderma (s)) analyses have been performed in the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 interval of IMAGES core MD99-2331 retrieved in the northwestern Iberian margin. This study shows the occurrence of a Zeifen Interstadial/Stadial succession on land and in the ocean during the first part of MIS 5e. In northwestern Iberia, the Eemian is marked from 126 to 122 ka by the development of deciduous Quercus forest at the same time as Mediterranean forest colonised southern Iberia, and deciduous Quercus-Corylus forest occupied northernmost European regions. From 121 to 115 ka Carpinus betulus forest developed in NW Iberia indicating a winter cooling by 2C on land and an increase in annual precipitation by 100–200 mm along with a Sea Surface Temperature (SST) decreasing trend off Iberia. A similar cooling has been documented at the same time in northern Germany (52N) by the replacement of deciduous forest by coniferous (Abies-Picea) formations, implying a southward displacement of the deciduous tree line between ~60N and 50N as early as 120 ka. The southward migration of the tree line between 72N and 58N simulated by the Earth Model of Intermediate Complexity MoBidiC from 122 and 120 ka and considered as a major process to initiate the last glaciation is, therefore, compatible with data. Between 115 and 110 ka, the substantial ice accumulation in northern high latitudes (MIS 5e/5d transition) was synchronous with successive drops, C26 and C25, in northeastern Atlantic SST. In northwestern Iberia Abies-Pinus trees developed at the expense of Quercus-Carpinus forest. A tundra-like environment occupied northern Germany, marking the end of the interglacial in northwestern Europe at 115 ka, and boreal forest likely colonised northeastern France. The first displacement of the vegetation belts at 121 ka was enhanced at 115 ka indicating an amplification of the vegetation and climate gradients in northeastern Atlantic and European borderlands probably related with the well-developed ice caps at that time. The comparison between the general trend in the estimated and simulated MoBidiC winter and summer temperatures for latitudes between 35 and 45N, shows that both follow quite straightforwardly the precession signal although the simulated and reconstructed temperatures agree better in the South than North of 40N. Annual precipitation is exhibiting opposite trend in the data and in the model. This contradiction is likely the fact that the zonal climate simulated by the model may not accurately represent the regional climate features, as reconstructed from the pollen. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Iberian Margin, easter Atlantic Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 135-65 KYrBP DESCRIPTION: Iberian Margin MIS 5 pollen and foraminiferal data from Images core MD99-2331, 42 deg. 09 N; 09 deg. 41 W. DATA: 1. MD99-2331 Benthic d18O Depth(cm) Age(ka) Benthic d18O corr. NBS19 1495 65 4.859 1500 66.721 4.851 1510 68.442 4.193 1520 70.163 4.519 1540 72.746 4.174 1545 72.999 4.036 1550 73.253 4.343 1555 73.506 3.867 1560 73.76 4.108 1565 74 4.175 1570 74.24 4.214 1575 75.02 4.027 1580 75.8 3.994 1585 76.58 3.97 1590 77.36 3.987 1595 78.14 3.752 1600 78.92 3.937 1605 79.7 3.757 1610 80.48 3.703 1615 80.72 3.802 1620 80.96 3.837 1625 81.594 3.721 1630 82.229 3.592 1640 83.498 4.006 1645 84.132 4.099 1650 84.767 4.221 1655 85.371 3.854 1660 85.976 3.256 1665 86.999 3.444 1670 88.0235 3.953 1675 89.047 3.784 1680 90.071 3.766 1685 91.094 3.534 1690 92.1185 3.648 1695 93.142 3.507 1700 94.166 3.862 1705 95.1895 3.553 1710 96.2135 3.87 1715 97.237 3.396 1720 98.261 3.788 1725 99.63 3.716 1730 101 3.626 1735 102.369 3.705 1740 103.739 4.119 1745 104.391 3.763 1750 105.043 4.066 1755 105.695 3.387 1760 106.347 3.715 1765 107 3.673 1770 108.125 3.715 1775 109.25 3.944 1780 110.009 3.97 1785 110.768 4.176 1790 111.527 4.079 1795 112.286 3.226 1800 113.045 3.509 1805 113.804 3.772 1810 114.563 3.886 1815 115.322 3.481 1820 116.081 3.496 1825 116.84 3.002 1830 117.599 2.778 1835 118.358 2.958 1840 119.117 2.797 1845 119.876 2.735 1850 120.635 2.842 1852 120.939 3.16 1855 121.698 2.914 1857 122.002 2.848 1860 122.457 2.592 1862 122.761 3.089 1865 123.216 3.509 1870 123.975 2.612 1875 124.734 2.728 1880 125.493 2.9 1885 126.1 3.357 1890 126.45 2.829 1895 126.8 2.435 1900 127.15 2.794 1905 127.5 2.687 1910 127.85 2.671 1915 128.2 2.69 1920 128.55 3.071 1925 128.9 2.943 1930 129.25 3.258 1935 129.6 2.952 1940 129.95 3.618 1945 130.3 3.223 1950 130.65 3.358 1955 131 3.388 1960 131.35 3.532 1965 131.7 3.741 1970 132.05 3.568 1975 132.4 3.522 1980 132.75 3.738 1985 133.1 3.556 1990 133.45 3.62 1995 133.8 3.818 2000 134.15 3.644 2005 134.5 3.801 2010 134.85 4.032 2020 135.55 4.595 2. MD99-2331 Planktonic d18O Depth(cm) Age(ka) Planktonic d18O 1495 65 2.278 1500 66.721 2.182 1510 68.442 1.678 1520 70.163 1.986 1530 71.4545 1.804 1540 72.746 2.209 1545 72.999 1.737 1550 73.253 1.566 1555 73.506 1.111 1560 73.76 1.537 1565 74 1.738 1570 74.24 2.155 1575 75.02 1.382 1580 75.8 1.558 1585 76.58 1.423 1590 77.36 1.499 1595 78.14 1.556 1600 78.92 1.274 1605 79.7 1.092 1610 80.48 1.469 1615 80.72 1.138 1620 80.96 1.991 1625 81.594 1.879 1630 82.229 1.726 1635 82.8635 1.923 1640 83.498 1.973 1645 84.132 1.78 1650 84.767 1.349 1655 85.371 1.557 1660 85.976 1.179 1665 86.999 1.545 1670 88.0235 1.528 1675 89.047 0.961 1680 90.071 1.267 1685 91.094 0.904 1690 92.1185 1.112 1695 93.142 0.805 1700 94.166 1.503 1705 95.1895 0.646 1710 96.2135 0.869 1715 97.237 1.055 1720 98.261 1.066 1725 99.63 0.586 1730 101 0.905 1735 102.369 1.837 1740 103.739 1.597 1745 104.391 0.951 1750 105.043 1.455 1755 105.695 0.763 1760 106.347 0.774 1765 107 1.1 1770 108.125 1.777 1775 109.25 1.974 1780 110.009 1.384 1785 110.768 1.112 1790 111.527 1.348 1795 112.286 1.417 1800 113.045 1.068 1805 113.804 1.035 1810 114.563 0.892 1815 115.322 0.593 1820 116.081 0.649 1825 116.84 0.721 1830 117.599 0.677 1835 118.358 0.276 1840 119.117 0.643 1845 119.876 0.425 1850 120.635 0.333 1852 120.939 0.421 1855 121.698 0.225 1857 122.002 0.327 1860 122.457 0.513 1862 122.761 0.53 1865 123.216 0.553 1870 123.975 0.206 1875 124.734 0.031 1880 125.493 0.398 1885 126.1 0.422 1890 126.45 1.078 1895 126.8 0.138 1900 127.15 0.636 1905 127.5 0.169 1910 127.85 0.751 1915 128.2 0.68 1920 128.55 1.496 1925 128.9 1.312 1930 129.25 1.55 1935 129.6 1.321 1940 129.95 1.289 1950 130.65 1.327 1955 131 1.666 1960 131.35 1.872 1965 131.7 1.307 1970 132.05 1.594 1975 132.4 1.668 1980 132.75 2.237 1985 133.1 1.837 1990 133.45 2.28 1995 133.8 2.617 2000 134.15 2.769 2005 134.5 2.244 2010 134.85 2.574 2020 135.55 2.291 3. MD99-2331 %Pachy and Ice Rafted Debris depth(cm) Age(ka) %pachy IRD/g 1495 65 1500 66.721 6.474820144 0 1510 68.442 0.985221675 0 1520 70.163 2.506963788 0 1530 71.4545 10.78947368 0.628733103 1540 72.746 26.04166667 1550 73.253 2.571428571 0 1560 73.76 1570 74.24 1580 75.8 0.316455696 0 1590 77.36 1600 78.92 0.604229607 0 1610 80.48 4.100946372 1620 80.96 8.587257618 0 1630 82.229 21.37203166 0 1640 83.498 29.7752809 0 1650 84.767 0 0 1660 85.976 1670 88.0235 0.27700831 0 1680 90.071 1690 92.1185 1700 94.166 0.362318841 0 1710 96.2135 1720 98.261 0.314465409 0 1730 101 1.256281407 0 1740 103.739 1.169590643 0 1750 105.043 1.006711409 0 1760 106.347 0.418410042 0 1765 107 11.0817942 1770 108.125 15.4589372 1.9 1775 109.25 3.72960373 1780 110.009 1.086956522 0 1790 111.527 0.904977376 1800 113.045 0.337837838 0 1810 114.563 0 1820 116.081 0.961538462 0 1830 117.599 0 1840 119.117 0.56 1850 120.635 0.303030303 0 1860 122.457 1.21 1865 123.216 0.66 1870 123.975 2.2 1880 125.493 4.809619238 0 1890 126.45 15.71 0 1895 126.8 0.29 0 1900 127.15 0.617283951 1905 127.5 14.28571429 0.166666667 1910 127.85 22.1719457 1 1915 128.2 40.85603113 0.333333333 1920 128.55 60.53511706 0 1925 128.9 65.10067114 0.666666667 1930 129.25 63.29113924 1.5 1935 129.6 92.03 1.5 1940 129.95 92.20 0.166666667 1945 130.3 96.45 0 1950 130.65 93.99 0.166666667 1955 131 88.97 0 1961 131.35 86.88 0 1965 131.7 1970 132.05 80.86 3.5 1980 132.75 83.92 2 1990 133.45 81.86 4.3 2000 134.15 83.66 7 2020 135.55 65.86 1.191717563 4. Pollen Data MD99-2331 Pollen Data, Table 1 of 3, depths 1495-1690 cm. Taxa/Depth 1495 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 Acer 0 0 0 Pistacia 0 0 0 Ilex 0 0 0 Alnus 1 3 1 3 2 0 1 3 Betula 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 7 Carpinus betulus 1 2 1 8 14 2 3 1 3 3 4 18 15 Corylus 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceratonia 0 0 0 Castanea 0 0 0 Fagus 4 4 1 0 1 0 Quercus ilex-type 1 1 2 1 0 1 deciduous Quercus 4 1 4 11 11 2 14 15 28 38 37 3 1 10 4 8 19 15 Quercus suber-type 0 0 1 Abies 5 21 24 9 Cedrus 0 0 0 Picea 0 0 0 Pinus 393 596 425 675 447 256 534 523 277 219 235 238 255 229 2229 1123 895 936 859 407 290 Juglans 0 0 0 Pterocarya 0 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior-type 1 0 0 0 Fraxinus ornus-type 0 0 0 Eucalyptus 0 0 0 Olea 0 0 0 Phillyrea 0 0 0 Platanus 0 0 0 Populus 0 0 0 Salix 1 0 0 0 Taxus 0 0 0 Tilia 1 0 0 0 Ulmus 1 1 0 1 0 Rhus-type 0 0 0 Hedera 0 0 0 Buxus 0 0 0 Sambucus 0 0 0 Viburnum 0 0 0 Euonymus 0 0 0 Cistus 2 1 1 0 1 0 Coriaria 0 0 0 Cupressaceae 1 2 1 0 0 0 Hippophae 1 0 0 0 Ephedra.frag.-type 1 0 0 0 Ephedra.dis.-type 2 2 1 0 0 0 Viscum 0 0 0 Myrica 0 0 0 Spartium junceum 0 0 0 Frangula alnus Rhamnus-type 0 0 0 Daphne 0 0 0 Vitis 0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae-type 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 0 1 Apiaceae 0 0 0 Blupeurum-type 0 0 0 Anthemis-type 0 0 0 Artemisia 2 5 1 5 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 7 2 3 2 1 0 0 Aster-type 0 1 1 Aster-echin (Luisa) 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 3 1 4 1 9 4 1 Centaurea cyanus-type 0 0 0 Centaurea nigra-type 1 1 0 1 1 Centaurea scabiosa-type 0 0 0 Echinops 0 0 0 Taraxacum-type 6 5 4 3 19 13 2 2 5 4 1 2 4 3 12 6 2 5 4 4 3 Boraginacea 1 0 0 0 Brassicaceae 1 1 2 0 0 0 Campanulaceae 0 0 0 Jasione-type 0 0 0 Cannabis/Humulus 0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 Corrigiola litoralis 0 0 0 Hernaria-type 0 0 0 Spergularia-type 0 0 0 Helianthemun 4 2 1 2 5 1 1 6 8 3 6 0 0 2 Calystegia 0 0 0 Convolvulus 0 0 0 Crassulaceae 0 0 0 Sedum-type 0 0 0 Cyperaceae 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 Knautia-type 0 0 0 Scabiosa-type 0 0 0 Dipsacaceae (Luisa) Ericaceae 73 70 79 72 57 83 77 66 69 117 70 59 47 69 37 64 61 68 56 44 32 Calluna 3 2 1 1 2 1 Euphorbia-type 1 0 0 Mercurialis-type 0 0 0 Fabaceae 1 0 0 0 Ulex-type 0 0 0 Gentianaceae 0 0 0 Geranium 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 cf. Haplophyllum 0 0 0 Erodium 0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0 Mentha-type 0 0 0 Liliaceae-type 0 0 0 Asphodelus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Linum 0 0 0 Oenotheraceae 1 0 0 0 Circaea 0 0 0 Epilobium-type 0 0 0 Litorella uniflora 0 0 0 Papaveraceae 0 0 0 Plantago 1 0 0 0 Plantago lanceolata-type 0 0 0 Plumbaginaceae 0 0 0 Poaceae 11 10 7 10 10 7 10 8 8 5 9 7 8 2 12 14 8 10 6 4 8 Cerealia-type 0 0 0 Lygeum spartum-type 0 0 0 Secale cereale 0 0 0 Zea mays 0 0 0 Polygalaceae 0 0 0 Polygonum aviculare-type 0 0 0 Rumex-type 0 1 0 Primulaceae 0 0 0 Ranunculaceae 2 1 0 0 0 Thalictrum 0 0 0 Resedaceae 1 0 0 0 Rosaceae 1 1 1 0 1 0 Filipendula 0 0 0 Sanguisorba minor ssp. Minor 0 0 0 Sanguisorba officinalis 0 0 0 Galium-type 0 0 0 Saxifraga oppositifolia-type 0 0 0 Melampyrum 0 0 0 Pedicularis 0 0 0 Scrofularia-type 1 0 0 0 Solanaceae 0 0 0 Urticaceae 0 0 0 Valerianaceae 0 0 0 Alisma-type 0 0 0 Myryophyllum alterniflorum 0 0 0 Myryophyllum verticillatum 0 0 0 Lythrum 0 0 0 Menyanthes trifoliata 0 0 0 Nympheae alba-type 0 0 0 Nuphar 0 0 0 Polygonum persicaria-type 0 0 0 Potamogeton 0 0 0 Sparganium/Typha 0 0 0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0 Psilate monolete 3 1 4 1 2 2 3 5 1 1 2 3 6 2 2 6 3 2 6 O monolete 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Isoetes 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Polypodium vulgare-type 1 1 1 0 0 2 Psilete trilete 2 3 5 19 12 10 10 24 8 5 3 2 4 16 7 10 17 13 4 0 1 O trilete 1 1 1 3 5 0 Botrychium-type 5 0 1 Cryptogramma 0 0 0 Pediastrum 0 0 0 Concentricystes 1 0 0 0 Stomates 0 0 0 Indet.=Bro 2 1 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 2 0 Ind.Con 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 4 0 3 0 Ind.Cor+Cistaceae (Luisa) 3 7 2 3 0 1 4 4 8 8 1 1 5 3 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 Ind.Cru 1 1 1 2 2 8 3 6 8 1 1 1 0 2 0 UNKNOWN 0 0 0 Total sum 511 711 540 809 566 376 658 659 400 399 371 373 386 389 2360 1241 1022 1066 987 548 405 Spores+aquatics+Indet 8 16 12 27 15 13 19 34 23 27 18 10 24 35 29 15 25 27 19 14 10 Main sum 503 695 528 782 551 363 639 625 377 372 353 363 362 354 2331 1226 997 1039 968 534 395 MS-Pinus 110 99 103 107 104 107 105 102 100 153 118 125 107 125 102 103 102 103 109 127 105 AP(trees+shrubs) 396 601 429 685 449 257 546 539 284 236 268 288 297 271 2239 1126 916 946 895 474 342 AP(trees+shrubs sans Ephedra) 396 601 429 685 449 257 546 539 282 236 266 287 297 271 2238 1126 916 946 895 474 342 NAP 107 94 99 97 102 106 93 86 93 136 85 75 65 83 92 100 81 93 73 60 53 NAP (+Ephedra) 107 94 99 97 102 106 93 86 95 136 87 76 65 83 93 100 81 93 73 60 53 AP-Pinus 3 5 4 10 2 1 12 16 5 17 31 49 42 42 9 3 21 10 36 67 52 Eurosiberian 3 5 3 10 2 1 12 14 5 17 30 47 42 42 8 3 21 9 35 66 51 Mediterranean 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Steppics 0 3 5 1 6 0 1 1 5 3 3 3 0 1 13 2 4 3 2 0 1 Ubiquists (tout-Eur, Med, Step 107 91 94 96 96 106 92 85 90 133 84 73 65 82 80 98 77 90 71 60 52 Pioneer (Bet+Cup+Hippo.) 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 7 Eurosib-Pioneer 2 4 1 10 2 1 11 13 2 14 30 47 40 42 8 2 19 7 34 65 44 Aster-echin 3 2 2 2 0 2 2 1 4 3 1 0 4 1 9 4 1 0 0 1 1 Dipsacaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus/ST 393 596 425 675 447 256 534 523 277 219 235 238 255 229 2229 1123 895 936 859 407 290 MD99-2331 Pollen Data, Table 2 of 3, depths 1700-1835 cm. Taxa/Depth 1700 1710 1720 1730 1735 1740 1745 1750 1760 1770 1775 1780 1790 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820 1825 1830 1835 Acer 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pistacia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ilex 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 Alnus 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 7 1 Betula 0 1 2 0 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 6 6 7 5 7 5 3 2 Carpinus betulus 21 17 12 12 4 2 15 24 3 1 5 7 24 26 17 45 14 10 15 2 Corylus 0 2 1 0 3 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 Ceratonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Castanea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fagus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quercus ilex-type 1 0 4 4 2 2 1 3 1 2 0 0 3 3 deciduous Quercus 20 19 54 19 4 6 31 17 24 7 6 15 19 18 21 13 36 27 29 20 50 Quercus suber-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Abies 3 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 Cedrus 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 Picea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus 300 212 360 491 1568 1378 520 632 1555 3200 1716 1429 1069 658 501 703 387 334 197 252 199 Juglans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pterocarya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior-type 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Fraxinus ornus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eucalyptus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olea 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Phillyrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Platanus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Populus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Salix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taxus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tilia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ulmus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Rhus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hedera 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 Buxus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viburnum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Euonymus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cistus 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 Coriaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cupressaceae 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 Hippophae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ephedra.frag.-type 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Ephedra.dis.-type 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 Viscum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myrica 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Spartium junceum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Frangula alnus Rhamnus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daphne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Vitis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae-type 0 0 0 1 5 9 2 2 1 12 5 1 2 1 2 0 1 Apiaceae 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Blupeurum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anthemis-type 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 Artemisia 2 1 2 2 6 1 2 3 2 3 13 2 5 5 2 1 0 1 1 Aster-type 2 4 1 1 4 2 1 6 2 1 0 2 Aster-echin (Luisa) 2 8 2 1 1 2 Centaurea cyanus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Centaurea nigra-type 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Centaurea scabiosa-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinops 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taraxacum-type 0 2 3 5 5 8 1 7 2 9 9 6 2 2 3 2 1 6 3 1 2 Boraginacea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Campanulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jasione-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cannabis/Humulus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Corrigiola litoralis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hernaria-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spergularia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Helianthemun 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 Calystegia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Convolvulus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crassulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sedum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cyperaceae 2 2 3 2 2 5 4 1 5 3 1 2 1 1 2 Knautia-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Scabiosa-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Dipsacaceae (Luisa) 2 1 Ericaceae 41 46 40 50 40 46 34 30 46 47 23 38 46 31 16 51 15 31 19 42 40 Calluna 2 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 Euphorbia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mercurialis-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fabaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ulex-type 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gentianaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Geranium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cf. Haplophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Erodium 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mentha-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liliaceae-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Asphodelus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Linum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oenotheraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Circaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Litorella uniflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papaveraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plantago 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 Plantago lanceolata-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plumbaginaceae 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 0 0 1 Poaceae 7 8 3 7 9 14 2 10 10 14 8 5 8 5 11 10 8 5 11 5 3 Cerealia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lygeum spartum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Secale cereale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zea mays 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygalaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygonum aviculare-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Rumex-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Primulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Thalictrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Resedaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Rosaceae 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 Filipendula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sanguisorba minor ssp. Mino 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sanguisorba officinalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Saxifraga oppositifolia-typ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melampyrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pedicularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scrofularia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solanaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urticaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Valerianaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alisma-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myryophyllum alterniflorum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myryophyllum verticillatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lythrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Menyanthes trifoliata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nympheae alba-type 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Nuphar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygonum persicaria-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Potamogeton 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Sparganium/Typha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psilate monolete 12 4 4 4 4 7 2 4 2 5 12 5 2 7 3 2 4 5 3 1 4 O monolete 1 0 0 0 3 1 6 2 1 0 2 1 9 0 2 1 Isoetes 0 1 0 4 2 2 6 2 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 Polypodium vulgare-type 1 2 0 0 1 0 8 1 3 9 Psilete trilete 4 5 8 10 2 4 2 10 23 7 1 16 14 11 4 6 16 2 9 4 5 O trilete 0 6 0 1 3 5 5 3 9 2 2 1 2 1 4 5 4 Botrychium-type 1 0 1 0 3 7 3 1 1 2 0 0 2 Cryptogramma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pediastrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentricystes 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 Stomates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indet.=Bro 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 4 2 2 3 Ind.Con 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 2 1 Ind.Cor+Cistaceae (Luisa) 0 0 0 0 6 7 5 3 0 4 7 8 7 5 0 8 0 5 0 0 0 Ind.Cru 2 0 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 3 1 5 4 4 5 6 1 5 1 UNKNOWN 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Total sum 431 343 510 624 1691 1519 652 776 1697 3336 1856 1570 1210 794 629 832 548 470 327 380 337 Spores+aquatics+Indet 25 22 16 23 21 36 22 29 36 35 31 37 37 35 21 24 39 35 28 22 29 Main sum 406 321 494 601 1670 1483 630 747 1661 3301 1825 1533 1173 759 608 808 509 435 299 358 308 MS-Pinus 106 109 134 110 102 105 110 115 106 101 109 104 104 101 107 105 122 101 102 106 109 AP(trees+shrubs) 348 255 439 531 1592 1392 577 689 1595 3214 1734 1467 1108 710 567 742 479 385 254 300 259 AP(trees+shrubs sans Ephedr 348 255 439 529 1589 1389 575 688 1594 3213 1730 1466 1107 710 566 742 479 384 253 300 258 NAP 58 66 55 70 78 91 53 58 66 87 91 66 65 49 41 66 30 50 45 58 49 NAP (+Ephedra) 58 66 55 72 81 94 55 59 67 88 95 67 66 49 42 66 30 51 46 58 50 AP-Pinus 48 43 79 38 21 11 55 56 39 13 14 37 38 52 65 39 92 50 56 48 59 Eurosiberian 47 43 74 34 20 10 53 52 38 12 14 32 37 52 63 39 92 50 51 48 56 Mediterranean 1 0 5 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 0 5 1 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 3 Steppics 2 1 2 5 14 13 6 6 4 4 29 8 7 5 5 1 1 4 2 1 1 Ubiquists (tout-Eur, Med, S 56 65 53 67 67 81 49 53 63 84 66 59 59 44 37 65 29 47 44 57 49 Pioneer (Bet+Cup+Hippo.) 0 1 2 1 9 0 2 4 5 3 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 7 8 3 2 Eurosib-Pioneer 47 42 72 33 11 10 51 48 33 9 12 28 31 46 56 32 86 43 43 45 54 Aster-echin 2 4 1 1 4 3 1 2 0 8 8 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 Dipsacaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus/ST 300 212 360 491 1568 1378 520 632 1555 3200 1716 1071 1069 658 501 703 387 334 197 252 199 MD99-2331 Pollen Data, Table 3 of 3, depths 1840-1931 cm. Taxa/Depth 1840 1845 1850 1852 1855 1860 1870 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1911 1921 1931 Acer 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pistacia 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Ilex 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Alnus 3 2 1 9 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 Betula 1 4 1 1 5 9 21 15 11 17 16 23 17 19 10 Carpinus betulus 6 5 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Corylus 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 Ceratonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Castanea 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fagus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Quercus ilex-type 2 0 3 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 deciduous Quercus 35 42 48 45 50 61 70 35 23 21 24 21 20 27 28 16 Quercus suber-type 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 Abies 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cedrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Picea 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus 173 348 199 131 210 151 184 187 76 232 94 235 118 135 164 121 Juglans 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pterocarya 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior-type 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fraxinus ornus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eucalyptus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olea 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 Phillyrea 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Platanus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Populus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Salix 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Taxus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tilia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ulmus 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Rhus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hedera 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Buxus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sambucus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Viburnum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Euonymus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cistus 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 Coriaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cupressaceae 0 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 0 2 2 Hippophae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ephedra.frag.-type 0 0 1 0 0 0 Ephedra.dis.-type 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 Viscum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myrica 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spartium junceum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Frangula alnus 1 Rhamnus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daphne 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vitis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae-type 0 1 0 2 3 4 5 4 3 1 5 7 1 5 Apiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blupeurum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Anthemis-type 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 4 2 Artemisia 0 0 0 2 4 9 5 10 6 10 15 8 9 7 Aster-type 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 4 5 3 Aster-echin (Luisa) 0 3 7 16 4 Centaurea cyanus-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Centaurea nigra-type 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 Centaurea scabiosa-type 0 0 0 0 0 1 Echinops 0 0 0 0 0 0 Taraxacum-type 2 2 2 1 6 5 4 2 2 3 6 4 7 6 3 Boraginacea 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Campanulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jasione-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cannabis/Humulus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 Corrigiola litoralis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hernaria-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spergularia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Helianthemun 0 0 1 0 2 1 9 9 2 13 5 7 2 3 4 Calystegia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Convolvulus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crassulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sedum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cyperaceae 1 2 0 4 1 5 1 3 2 1 7 5 3 7 Knautia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scabiosa-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dipsacaceae (Luisa) 0 Ericaceae 39 31 32 30 29 23 41 43 11 39 12 36 15 15 21 14 Calluna 2 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 2 0 2 Euphorbia-type 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mercurialis-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fabaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ulex-type 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Gentianaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Geranium 0 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 2 cf. Haplophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Erodium 0 0 0 0 1 0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mentha-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liliaceae-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Asphodelus 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Linum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oenotheraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Circaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 Epilobium-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Litorella uniflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 Papaveraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plantago 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Plantago lanceolata-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plumbaginaceae 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Poaceae 5 5 1 5 6 2 18 34 14 14 22 22 19 21 21 16 Cerealia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lygeum spartum-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Secale cereale 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zea mays 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygalaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygonum aviculare-type 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Rumex-type 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Primulaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ranunculaceae 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 Thalictrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Resedaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rosaceae 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 Filipendula 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sanguisorba minor ssp. Mino 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sanguisorba officinalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Galium-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saxifraga oppositifolia-typ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melampyrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pedicularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scrofularia-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solanaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urticaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Valerianaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alisma-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myryophyllum alterniflorum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myryophyllum verticillatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lythrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Menyanthes trifoliata 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nympheae alba-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nuphar 0 0 0 0 0 0 Polygonum persicaria-type 0 0 0 0 0 0 Potamogeton 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sparganium/Typha 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psilate monolete 3 8 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 0 3 0 O monolete 0 0 1 0 0 Isoetes 1 6 6 8 4 11 8 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 Polypodium vulgare-type 4 3 1 3 3 1 0 0 0 Psilete trilete 6 17 5 7 26 16 16 3 2 3 1 0 0 O trilete 0 1 4 3 6 6 1 0 1 0 Botrychium-type 2 3 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 Cryptogramma 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pediastrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentricystes 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Stomates 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Indet.=Bro 3 7 3 3 3 11 2 4 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 4 Ind.Con 1 3 1 1 1 3 8 2 11 1 12 1 2 3 0 Ind.Cor+Cistaceae (Luisa) 8 0 10 1 2 9 1 1 4 2 4 2 11 10 11 4 Ind.Cru 0 8 1 1 5 2 4 6 4 3 6 2 4 2 1 UNKNOWN 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 Total sum 307 506 335 262 365 330 395 399 190 403 222 403 259 284 322 231 Spores+aquatics+Indet 30 56 35 29 53 61 37 25 13 23 13 29 17 24 24 9 Main sum 277 450 300 233 312 269 358 374 177 380 209 374 242 260 298 222 MS-Pinus 104 102 101 102 102 118 174 187 101 148 115 139 124 125 134 101 AP(trees+shrubs) 225 406 263 196 265 233 267 252 122 267 144 273 164 183 218 151 AP(trees+shrubs sans Ephedr 225 406 263 195 265 232 267 251 120 267 144 273 164 181 217 151 NAP 52 44 37 37 47 36 91 122 55 113 65 101 78 77 80 71 NAP (+Ephedra) 52 44 37 38 47 37 91 123 57 113 65 101 78 79 81 71 AP-Pinus 52 58 64 64 55 81 83 64 44 35 50 38 46 46 53 30 Eurosiberian 48 57 60 62 55 75 81 63 40 34 48 38 46 45 50 30 Mediterranean 4 1 4 2 0 6 2 1 4 1 2 0 0 1 3 0 Steppics 0 1 0 1 2 3 7 14 12 14 9 11 20 17 11 12 Ubiquists (tout-Eur, Med, S 52 43 37 37 45 34 84 109 45 99 56 90 58 62 70 59 Pioneer (Bet+Cup+Hippo.) 1 5 1 2 0 6 10 25 15 11 19 16 25 17 21 12 Eurosib-Pioneer 47 52 59 60 55 69 71 38 25 23 29 22 21 28 29 18 Aster-echin 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 7 3 16 4 4 3 5 9 5 Dipsacaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinus/ST 195 348 199 131 210 151 184 187 76 232 94 235 118 135 164 121