# Grimsey, North Icelandic Shelf Annual d13C Data over the Last Millennium #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22950 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/ # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Archive: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2017-11-01 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-08-01 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Grimsey, North Icelandic Shelf Annual d13C Data over the Last Millennium #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Reynolds, D.J.; Hall, I.R.; Scourse, J.D.; Richardson, C.A.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Butler, P.G. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Precision of d13C measurements: 0.05 per mil # Provided Keywords: Arctica islandica, annually-resolved, absolutely-dated, North Atlantic, Iceland, carbon isotopes, d13C #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Reynolds, D.J., Hall, I.R., Scourse, J.D., Richardson, C.A., Wanamaker, A.D., and Butler, P.G. # Published_Date_or_Year: # Published_Title: Biological and climate controls on North Atlantic marine carbon dynamics over the last millennium: Insights from an absolutely-dated shell based record from the North Icelandic Shelf # Journal_Name: Global Biogeochemical Cycles # Volume: 31 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1718-1735 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/2017GB005708 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Given the rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) over the industrial era there is a pressing need to construct long term records of natural carbon cycling prior to this perturbation and to develop a more robust understanding of the role the oceans play in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Here we reconstruct the historical biological and climatic controls on the carbon isotopic (d13C-shell) composition of the North Icelandic shelf waters over the last millennium derived from the shells of the long-lived marine bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica. Variability in the annually resolved d13C-shell record is dominated by multi-decadal variability with a negative trend (-0.003 ± 0.002‰ yr-1) over the industrial era (1800-2000 CE). This trend is consistent with the marine Suess effect brought about by the sequestration of isotopically light carbon (d13C of CO2) derived from the burning of fossil fuels. Comparison of the d13C-shell record with contemporary proxy archives, over the last millennium, and instrumental data over the 20th century, highlight that both biological (primary productivity) and physical environmental factors such as relative shifts in the proportion of Subpolar Mode Waters and Arctic Intermediate Waters entrained onto the North Icelandic shelf, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, and subpolar gyre sea surface temperatures and salinity, are the likely mechanisms that contribute to natural variations in seawater d13C variability on the North Icelandic shelf. Contrasting d13C fractionation processes associated with these biological and physical mechanisms likely cause the attenuated local marine Suess effect signal at this locality. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: NERC # Grant: The Ultra Project - Grant No. 017008 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Grimsey # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: Iceland # Northernmost_Latitude: 66.5265 # Southernmost_Latitude: 66.5265 # Easternmost_Longitude: -18.195667 # Westernmost_Longitude: -18.195667 # Elevation: -80 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Grimsey Reynolds2017 # First_Year: 953 # Last_Year: 2000 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## age_CE age,,,year Common Era,,,,,N, ## d13C-a.island delta 13C,Arctica islandica,,per mil PDB,Mar-Oct,paleoceanography,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,Annual resolution absolutely dated; raw #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA age_CE d13C-a.island 2000 1.231742 1999 1.165587 1998 1.643155 1997 1.691166 1996 1.758104 1995 1.829 1994 1.530631 1993 1.3455 1992 1.346544 1991 1.233863 1990 1.220852 1989 1.316 1988 1.109022 1987 1.453268 1986 1.22524 1985 1.488 1984 1.486674 1983 1.97865 1982 1.717787 1981 1.73 1980 1.65511 1979 1.662 1978 1.905 1977 1.64768 1976 1.70382 1975 1.5475 1974 1.6 1973 1.895667 1972 2.041 1971 2.0095 1970 1.8825 1969 1.636534 1968 1.606466 1967 1.837 1966 1.9825 1965 1.9815 1964 1.98975 1963 1.832 1962 1.960667 1961 2.120957 1960 1.983667 1959 1.888 1958 1.985333 1957 1.66074 1956 1.90027 1955 2.049891 1954 2.065143 1953 1.95512 1952 1.9757 1951 1.822159 1950 1.842673 1949 1.834698 1948 1.871002 1947 1.808764 1946 1.835601 1945 1.821646 1944 1.53751 1943 1.71169 1942 1.647 1941 1.48008 1940 1.625923 1939 1.979553 1938 1.937341 1937 1.86717 1936 1.74016 1935 1.632857 1934 1.467166 1933 1.477392 1932 1.733387 1931 2.201 1930 1.913571 1929 1.910349 1928 1.855033 1927 1.876122 1926 1.505 1925 1.424 1924 1.489 1923 1.352 1922 1.247 1921 1.642 1920 1.6715 1919 1.676333 1918 1.884 1917 2.242 1916 1.7975 1915 2.004 1914 1.66 1913 1.617 1912 1.607 1911 1.4685 1910 1.4555 1909 1.503552 1908 1.75876 1907 1.766096 1906 2.263528 1905 2.109411 1904 1.965287 1903 1.955981 1902 2.088471 1901 2.147189 1900 1.840627 1899 2.190618 1898 2.396055 1897 2.318413 1896 2.126 1895 2.385191 1894 2.388549 1893 2.183938 1892 2.119416 1891 2.245714 1890 2.22094 1889 2.260752 1888 2.215411 1887 2.177951 1886 2.263803 1885 2.151126 1884 2.170313 1883 2.20122 1882 2.071742 1881 2.130816 1880 2.069692 1879 2.26429 1878 2.031077 1877 2.247647 1876 2.266307 1875 2.230643 1874 2.188664 1873 2.377095 1872 2.439157 1871 2.103354 1870 2.123461 1869 1.937612 1868 2.171451 1867 2.296665 1866 2.267305 1865 2.035 1864 2.178391 1863 2.237442 1862 2.291638 1861 2.189428 1860 2.340731 1859 2.23351 1858 2.221105 1857 2.276923 1856 2.319213 1855 2.283031 1854 2.370749 1853 2.409357 1852 2.060496 1851 2.17833 1850 2.25 1849 2.189626 1848 2.166442 1847 2.213963 1846 2.286556 1845 2.29 1844 2.39 1843 2.25 1842 2.3425 1841 2.36 1840 2.442063 1839 2.31 1838 2.42 1837 2.44 1836 2.41 1835 2.503779 1834 2.189959 1833 2.199511 1832 2.23843 1831 2.394524 1830 2.41 1829 2.52 1828 2.42 1827 2.407994 1826 2.231741 1825 2.24 1824 2.056934 1823 2.080738 1822 1.597376 1821 1.859332 1820 2.216 1819 2.0915 1818 2.083 1817 1.968 1816 2.04 1815 2.032 1814 2.075 1813 2.097 1812 2.153 1811 2.245 1810 2.223 1809 2.082 1808 2.031 1807 2.126 1806 2.017 1805 2.004 1804 2.203 1803 1.976 1802 2.182 1801 2.222 1800 2.11 1799 1.948 1798 1.685 1797 1.743 1796 1.731 1795 1.817 1794 1.683 1793 1.699 1792 1.555892 1791 1.561847 1790 1.731638 1789 1.710441 1788 2.014596 1787 2.109 1786 2.163287 1785 2.15056 1784 2.062 1783 2.095 1782 2.25 1781 2.43 1780 2.472 1779 2.056 1778 1.768 1777 1.912 1776 1.832 1775 1.823 1774 1.873 1773 2.041 1772 2.216 1771 2.268 1770 2.607 1769 2.618 1768 2.006924 1767 2.176679 1766 2.956 1765 2.327059 1764 2.180163 1763 2.211288 1762 2.020135 1761 2.34336 1760 2.100059 1759 2.166705 1758 2.34771 1757 2.675698 1756 2.3605 1755 2.512163 1754 2.425874 1753 2.440202 1752 2.374408 1751 2.401602 1750 2.445181 1749 2.351433 1748 2.375337 1747 2.224593 1746 2.257037 1745 2.069129 1744 2.594165 1743 2.160259 1742 2.095119 1741 2.079186 1740 2.038158 1739 2.152402 1738 2.200316 1737 2.184033 1736 1.955284 1735 2.134673 1734 1.688225 1733 2.773481 1732 2.56 1731 2.780699 1730 2.356 1729 2.573922 1728 2.571829 1727 2.574136 1726 2.412752 1725 2.364932 1724 2.378666 1723 2.353974 1722 2.616027 1721 2.456021 1720 2.3362 1719 2.368274 1718 2.499835 1717 2.416947 1716 2.502425 1715 2.603825 1714 2.529022 1713 2.396648 1712 2.343841 1711 2.333094 1710 2.141 1709 2.335877 1708 2.348458 1707 2.437295 1706 2.151 1705 2.177401 1704 2.463291 1703 2.225242 1702 2.352446 1701 1.9267 1700 2.165884 1699 2.164034 1698 1.431967 1697 1.685099 1696 1.538914 1695 1.738102 1694 2.276506 1693 2.274863 1692 1.99 1691 2.199295 1690 2.19395 1689 2.243359 1688 2.354202 1687 1.624143 1686 2.154942 1685 1.949098 1684 2.230765 1683 2.055202 1682 2.21 1681 2.152 1680 2.114 1679 2.124 1678 2.18467 1677 2.33096 1676 2.391846 1675 2.148608 1674 2.42 1673 2.34 1672 2.241 1671 2.074 1670 2.026 1669 1.751 1668 1.585 1667 1.872 1666 1.772318 1665 1.932 1664 2.09 1663 2.024 1662 1.979 1661 2.119 1660 2.185 1659 2.102 1658 2.265 1657 2.215 1656 2.132388 1655 2.044272 1654 2.333 1653 1.992 1652 2.093 1651 1.728 1650 1.961 1649 1.704 1648 1.694 1647 1.734598 1646 1.579 1645 1.571817 1644 1.499 1643 1.755 1642 1.868 1641 1.707 1640 1.825 1639 1.9495 1638 2.013 1637 2.126 1636 1.672 1635 2.365777 1634 2.374344 1633 2.164168 1632 2.12694 1631 2.09522 1630 2.297638 1629 2.24195 1628 2.344296 1627 2.399337 1626 2.278723 1625 2.280657 1624 2.305569 1623 2.324934 1622 2.12185 1621 1.856676 1620 2.160028 1619 2.255578 1618 2.278666 1617 2.128134 1616 2.013418 1615 2.033973 1614 2.002454 1613 2.129055 1612 2.130425 1611 2.100643 1610 2.093161 1609 2.060589 1608 2.212792 1607 2.153881 1606 2.229914 1605 2.07707 1604 2.099583 1603 2.280081 1602 1.978 1601 2.167257 1600 1.851 1599 1.969 1598 1.99 1597 2.09 1596 2.03 1595 2.188123 1594 2.257 1593 2.3 1592 2.321087 1591 2.052 1590 2.332644 1589 2.09 1588 1.92 1587 2.21 1586 2.357114 1585 2.356485 1584 1.906 1583 1.994 1582 2.153289 1581 2.336223 1580 1.998 1579 2 1578 2.14 1577 2.183829 1576 2.066608 1575 1.78258 1574 1.889951 1573 1.681461 1572 1.764036 1571 1.948983 1570 2.021994 1569 1.859467 1568 2.147635 1567 2.106036 1566 2.131309 1565 2.016828 1564 2.108563 1563 1.827013 1562 1.981555 1561 2.153405 1560 2.221531 1559 2.166492 1558 2.120445 1557 2.170486 1556 2.179758 1555 2.202197 1554 2.138697 1553 2.089281 1552 2.020563 1551 2.023279 1550 1.78137 1549 2.043665 1548 2.165362 1547 1.849049 1546 1.852518 1545 1.94945 1544 1.862432 1543 1.982048 1542 1.88576 1541 1.514 1540 2.061337 1539 2.208176 1538 2.017612 1537 2.164707 1536 1.981656 1535 1.984171 1534 1.971513 1533 1.940564 1532 1.761112 1531 1.835942 1530 1.85141 1529 1.97 1528 1.74 1527 1.77 1526 2.1 1525 2.2 1524 2.02 1523 1.913 1522 2.04 1521 2.079 1520 1.96735 1519 1.717979 1518 1.864299 1517 2.036848 1516 2.636 1515 2.295 1514 2.07 1513 2.245 1512 1.888 1511 2.124 1510 1.903 1509 2.437 1508 2.32 1507 2.72 1506 2.58 1505 2.209395 1504 2.121583 1503 1.574842 1502 1.779328 1501 1.795823 1500 1.852682 1499 2.097896 1498 1.937275 1497 1.854143 1496 1.732716 1495 1.849972 1494 2.193001 1493 2.326163 1492 1.635657 1491 2.03 1490 2.013002 1489 1.88 1488 2.24 1487 2.17 1486 1.99 1485 2.29 1484 2.2 1483 2.45 1482 2.68 1481 2.6585 1480 2.64 1479 2.46 1478 2.8 1477 2.189143 1476 2.34 1475 2.49 1474 2.331 1473 2.12 1472 2.228391 1471 2.039259 1470 1.747754 1469 1.849366 1468 2.001709 1467 1.972745 1466 2.062588 1465 2.033073 1464 1.848243 1463 1.762704 1462 1.482204 1461 2.346204 1460 2.371107 1459 2.320923 1458 2.114366 1457 2.157201 1456 2.346639 1455 2.079567 1454 2.197039 1453 2.264129 1452 2.198815 1451 2.071299 1450 2.000294 1449 2.029388 1448 2.138704 1447 2.251477 1446 2.143552 1445 2.229393 1444 2.31343 1443 2.318726 1442 2.23725 1441 2.15166 1440 2.224503 1439 2.332816 1438 2.271389 1437 2.16 1436 2.034959 1435 2.32 1434 2.196276 1433 2.25 1432 1.97 1431 1.99 1430 1.88 1429 1.978892 1428 2.091401 1427 1.97 1426 2.01 1425 1.93 1424 1.893574 1423 1.955485 1422 2.073864 1421 2.04 1420 2.203689 1419 2.062985 1418 2.00064 1417 2.076372 1416 2.364094 1415 2.233867 1414 2.220344 1413 2.090549 1412 1.973317 1411 1.963693 1410 1.978129 1409 2.059584 1408 2.01835 1407 1.902075 1406 1.940428 1405 1.923403 1404 2.042722 1403 2.06639 1402 1.88 1401 1.78 1400 1.813451 1399 1.898268 1398 2.104064 1397 1.764916 1396 1.978933 1395 2.171179 1394 1.951407 1393 1.78 1392 1.812082 1391 1.757244 1390 1.627447 1389 1.880089 1388 2.02 1387 1.613037 1386 1.985436 1385 1.928055 1384 1.845405 1383 2.005632 1382 2.059653 1381 1.175649 1380 1.51 1379 1.53 1378 1.283774 1377 1.5 1376 1.48 1375 1.65 1374 1.48 1373 1.16 1372 1.26 1371 1.11 1370 1.37 1369 1.34 1368 1.13 1367 1.24 1366 1.68 1365 1.26 1364 1.54 1363 1.302844 1362 1.118822 1361 1.458882 1360 1.8 1359 1.71 1358 1.54 1357 1.793107 1356 2.029192 1355 1.586214 1354 1.82 1353 2.34 1352 2.53 1351 2.53 1350 2.33 1349 1.82 1348 2.18 1347 1.845 1346 1.508008 1345 1.61 1344 1.80406 1343 1.962354 1342 1.931789 1341 2.226851 1340 2.028338 1339 2.01355 1338 1.20061 1337 2.006406 1336 2.080386 1335 2.024778 1334 2.082879 1333 2.011505 1332 2.116153 1331 1.888 1330 1.889562 1329 1.776 1328 1.973481 1327 2.075709 1326 2.152806 1325 2.2098 1324 2.034 1323 2.013307 1322 2.29 1321 1.84 1320 1.8 1319 2.06 1318 2.1 1317 2.2 1316 2.24 1315 2.04 1314 1.89 1313 1.94 1312 1.89 1311 1.99 1310 1.86 1309 1.95 1308 1.94 1307 1.97 1306 2 1305 1.95 1304 1.822 1303 1.822334 1302 1.95 1301 2.06 1300 2.02 1299 1.725 1298 1.94 1297 1.87 1296 1.81 1295 1.87 1294 1.81 1293 1.96 1292 2 1291 2.07 1290 1.92 1289 1.82 1288 1.856 1287 1.91 1286 2.01 1285 1.672 1284 2.070206 1283 2.06 1282 1.91 1281 2.13 1280 2.13 1279 1.964277 1278 2.29 1277 2.499462 1276 2.18 1275 1.76 1274 1.77 1273 1.84 1272 1.53 1271 1.74252 1270 1.61 1269 1.8825 1268 1.88 1267 1.74 1266 2.18 1265 2.23 1264 2.3005 1263 1.9 1262 2.217142 1261 2.06 1260 2.11 1259 2.43 1258 2.33524 1257 2.204576 1256 1.842 1255 1.74 1254 1.8245 1253 1.685 1252 1.989385 1251 1.853629 1250 2.58 1249 2.93 1248 2.688619 1247 2.889832 1246 2.93 1245 2.88 1244 3 1243 2.97 1242 2.94 1241 3.1 1240 3.15 1239 3.21 1238 3.14 1237 3.04 1236 3.01 1235 3.01 1234 2.77 1233 2.77 1232 2.79 1231 2.96 1230 2.72 1229 2.31 1228 2.52 1227 2.68 1226 2.71 1225 2.55 1224 2.369 1223 2.49 1222 2.31 1221 1.79 1220 1.5865 1219 1.54 1218 1.79 1217 1.77 1216 2.646526 1215 2.331015 1214 2.14 1213 2.320186 1212 2.202875 1211 2.263806 1210 2.376748 1209 2.034604 1208 1.966737 1207 1.956699 1206 1.500267 1205 1.941153 1204 1.913757 1203 1.869443 1202 1.537991 1201 1.539784 1200 1.33954 1199 1.780208 1198 1.998468 1197 1.854296 1196 1.669858 1195 2.082658 1194 2.396061 1193 2.10843 1192 2.63126 1191 2.271032 1190 2.69 1189 2.15 1188 2.195 1187 2.3 1186 2.125 1185 1.935 1184 1.866701 1183 1.855 1182 2.055 1181 1.695 1180 1.092929 1179 1.304 1178 1.48 1177 1.42 1176 1.205 1175 2.308 1174 2.39 1173 2.48 1172 2.32 1171 2.37 1170 2.2 1169 2.24 1168 2.27 1167 2.41 1166 2.42 1165 2.448303 1164 2.53 1163 2.58 1162 2.59 1161 2.55 1160 2.46 1159 2.41 1158 2.41 1157 2.49 1156 2.36 1155 2.37 1154 2.049038 1153 2.37 1152 2.44 1151 2.27 1150 2.388608 1149 2.37 1148 2.2 1147 2.25167 1146 2.376677 1145 2.13 1144 2.15 1143 1.948 1142 2.17 1141 2.16 1140 2.14 1139 2.2 1138 2.23 1137 2.26578 1136 2.29 1135 2.38 1134 2.213407 1133 2.3 1132 2.28 1131 2.091975 1130 2.13317 1129 2.32 1128 2.27 1127 2.37 1126 2.27 1125 2.16 1124 2.24 1123 2.33 1122 2.28 1121 2.27 1120 2.184 1119 2.203 1118 1.755 1117 2.05245 1116 2.22 1115 2.43 1114 2.23 1113 2.23 1112 2.32 1111 2.061376 1110 2.18 1109 2.31 1108 2.16939 1107 2.2 1106 1.644 1105 1.962154 1104 1.92 1103 1.93 1102 2.05 1101 2.19 1100 2.23 1099 2.19 1098 1.971162 1097 2.01 1096 1.84 1095 2 1094 1.676292 1093 1.64 1092 1.52 1091 2.08 1090 1.82 1089 1.68 1088 1.709516 1087 1.613451 1086 1.428917 1085 1.522037 1084 1.455372 1083 1.56 1082 1.6505 1081 1.88 1080 1.738094 1079 1.796957 1078 1.61 1077 1.73 1076 1.84 1075 1.59 1074 1.59 1073 1.59 1072 1.71 1071 1.9 1070 1.952224 1069 1.7 1068 1.28 1067 1.38 1066 1.5 1065 1.53 1064 1.839248 1063 1.8 1062 1.825985 1061 1.59 1060 1.6 1059 1.75 1058 1.99 1057 1.88 1056 1.63 1055 1.979458 1054 1.92 1053 2.06 1052 1.808883 1051 1.7187 1050 2 1049 1.88 1048 1.76 1047 1.268 1046 1.61 1045 1.71 1044 1.85 1043 2.119568 1042 2.06 1041 2.053541 1040 2.04 1039 1.89 1038 1.9 1037 1.96 1036 1.95 1035 1.82 1034 1.73 1033 1.74 1032 1.959451 1031 2.128757 1030 2.09 1029 1.467 1028 1.64 1027 1.79 1026 2 1025 2.243473 1024 2.13 1023 2.429171 1022 2.25 1021 2.09 1020 2.22 1019 2.2 1018 2.28 1017 1.980007 1016 2.16 1015 2.07 1014 2.003636 1013 2.03 1012 2.04 1011 2.21 1010 2.02 1009 2.19 1008 2.15 1007 2.35 1006 2.051 1005 2.32 1004 2.1 1003 2.26 1002 2.14 1001 2.11 1000 2.08 999 2.15 998 2.135 997 2.12 996 2.33 995 2.59 994 2.3 993 2.34 992 2.22 991 2.3 990 2.2 989 2.41 988 2.2 987 2.23 986 2.41 985 2.42 984 2.36 983 2.32 982 2.356637 981 2.145888 980 2.27 979 2.30159 978 2.18 977 2.116084 976 2.089196 975 2.024333 974 2.12 973 1.927545 972 1.98 971 1.87 970 1.97 969 2.09 968 1.9 967 1.83 966 2.075576 965 1.900754 964 2.22613 963 2.019671 962 2.359279 961 2.183054 960 1.943312 959 2.089665 958 1.790547 957 1.770415 956 1.528915 955 1.478169 954 1.350399 953 1.96