# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000009 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004874 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-2000009.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000009 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: KR-2000009 # Location: South Korea # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.5439 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.5439 # Easternmost_Longitude: 126.8800 # Westernmost_Longitude: 126.8800 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KR-2000009-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1995 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 13.24 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th -0.680 # 17th -0.316 # 18th 0.105 # 19th 0.478 # 20th 0.482 # Date of logging (Year): 1994.644 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.50 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 22.46 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 36.00 14.110 38.00 14.090 40.00 14.070 42.00 14.080 44.00 14.090 46.00 14.100 48.00 14.150 50.00 14.170 52.00 14.280 54.00 14.280 56.00 14.290 58.00 14.330 60.00 14.370 62.00 14.390 64.00 14.410 66.00 14.450 68.00 14.490 70.00 14.490 72.00 14.520 74.00 14.590 76.00 14.660 78.00 14.710 80.00 14.800 82.00 14.830 84.00 14.860 86.00 14.890 88.00 14.940 90.00 14.980 92.00 15.040 94.00 15.060 96.00 15.130 98.00 15.150 100.00 15.230 102.00 15.260 104.00 15.310 106.00 15.360 108.00 15.390 110.00 15.440 112.00 15.530 114.00 15.530 116.00 15.600 118.00 15.650 120.00 15.680 122.00 15.740 124.00 15.780 126.00 15.810 128.00 15.840 130.00 15.910 132.00 15.970 134.00 16.010 136.00 16.060 138.00 16.090 140.00 16.130 142.00 16.170 144.00 16.180 146.00 16.240 148.00 16.300 150.00 16.340 152.00 16.370 154.00 16.400 156.00 16.430 158.00 16.450 160.00 16.460 162.00 16.500 164.00 16.570 166.00 16.650 168.00 16.720 170.00 16.800 172.00 16.810 174.00 16.850 176.00 16.930 178.00 17.060 180.00 17.130 182.00 17.210 184.00 17.240 186.00 17.270 188.00 17.310 190.00 17.380 192.00 17.420 194.00 17.470 196.00 17.480 198.00 17.500 200.00 17.560 202.00 17.680 204.00 17.690 206.00 17.720 208.00 17.840 210.00 17.850 212.00 17.880 214.00 17.940 216.00 17.950 218.00 17.960 220.00 18.000 222.00 18.080 224.00 18.110 226.00 18.140 228.00 18.210 230.00 18.280 232.00 18.300 234.00 18.410 236.00 18.410 238.00 18.440 240.00 18.520 242.00 18.550 244.00 18.630 246.00 18.710 248.00 18.720 250.00 18.770 252.00 18.920 254.00 18.920 256.00 18.910 258.00 18.940 260.00 18.960 262.00 19.020 264.00 19.090 266.00 19.090 268.00 19.170 270.00 19.170 272.00 19.250 274.00 19.320 276.00 19.390 278.00 19.430 280.00 19.480 282.00 19.550 284.00 19.570 286.00 19.610 288.00 19.660 290.00 19.800 292.00 19.840 294.00 19.850 296.00 19.850 298.00 19.890 300.00 19.920 302.00 20.000 304.00 20.030 306.00 20.090 308.00 20.120 310.00 20.210 312.00 20.230 314.00 20.260 316.00 20.270 318.00 20.340 320.00 20.380 322.00 20.470 324.00 20.470 326.00 20.500 328.00 20.580 330.00 20.650 332.00 20.650 334.00 20.660 336.00 20.690 338.00 20.790 340.00 20.870 342.00 20.900 344.00 20.980 346.00 21.020 348.00 21.020 350.00 21.100 352.00 21.110 354.00 21.150 356.00 21.160 358.00 21.230 360.00 21.300 362.00 21.370 364.00 21.430 366.00 21.460 368.00 21.520 370.00 21.540 372.00 21.590 374.00 21.650 376.00 21.720 378.00 21.900 380.00 21.960 382.00 21.980 384.00 22.000 386.00 22.010 388.00 22.000 390.00 22.000 392.00 22.040 394.00 22.080 396.00 22.120 398.00 22.180 400.00 22.260 402.00 22.300 404.00 22.330 406.00 22.400 408.00 22.420 410.00 22.430 412.00 22.460 414.00 22.490 416.00 22.550 418.00 22.610 420.00 22.640 422.00 22.670 424.00 22.750 426.00 22.820 428.00 22.860 430.00 22.950 432.00 22.990 434.00 23.010 436.00 23.070 438.00 23.080 440.00 23.070 442.00 23.120 444.00 23.180 446.00 23.230 448.00 23.310 450.00 23.400 452.00 23.410 454.00 23.420 456.00 23.450 458.00 23.540 460.00 23.560 462.00 23.620 464.00 23.670 466.00 23.720 468.00 23.760 470.00 23.820 472.00 23.850 474.00 23.870 476.00 23.950 478.00 23.980 480.00 23.990 482.00 24.040 484.00 24.130 486.00 24.220 488.00 24.260 490.00 24.280 492.00 24.300 494.00 24.310 496.00 24.360 498.00 24.440 500.00 24.480 502.00 24.520 504.00 24.540 506.00 24.550 508.00 24.670 510.00 24.700 512.00 24.800 514.00 24.850 516.00 24.910 518.00 24.960 520.00 24.970 522.00 25.020 524.00 25.080 526.00 25.110 528.00 25.150 530.00 25.190 532.00 25.240 534.00 25.310 536.00 25.340 538.00 25.390 540.00 25.440 542.00 25.470 544.00 25.480 546.00 25.520 548.00 25.580 550.00 25.620 552.00 25.700 554.00 25.750 556.00 25.770 558.00 25.830 560.00 25.910 562.00 25.960 564.00 26.020 566.00 26.040 568.00 26.070 570.00 26.120 572.00 26.290 574.00 26.280 576.00 26.300 578.00 26.310 580.00 26.340 582.00 26.390 584.00 26.430 586.00 26.470 588.00 26.530 590.00 26.600 592.00 26.620 594.00 26.670 596.00 26.690 598.00 26.750 600.00 26.780 602.00 26.810 604.00 26.900 606.00 26.920 608.00 26.990 610.00 27.040 612.00 27.060 614.00 27.070 616.00 27.090 618.00 27.120 620.00 27.180 622.00 27.230 624.00 27.250 626.00 27.350 628.00 27.340 630.00 27.380 632.00 27.410 634.00 27.460 636.00 27.530 638.00 27.570 640.00 27.650 642.00 27.720 644.00 27.760 646.00 27.780 648.00 27.860 650.00 27.870 652.00 27.940 654.00 27.960 656.00 28.110 658.00 28.130 660.00 28.140 662.00 28.110 664.00 28.160 666.00 28.200 668.00 28.230 670.00 28.300 672.00 28.330 674.00 28.380 676.00 28.420 678.00 28.440 680.00 28.510 682.00 28.550 684.00 28.590 686.00 28.670 688.00 28.680 690.00 28.730 692.00 28.790 694.00 28.850 696.00 28.870 698.00 28.930 700.00 28.970 702.00 29.030 704.00 29.120 706.00 29.140 708.00 29.160 710.00 29.200 712.00 29.280 714.00 29.310 716.00 29.360 718.00 29.400 720.00 29.480 722.00 29.500 724.00 29.570 726.00 29.590 728.00 29.630 730.00 29.690 732.00 29.750 734.00 29.780 736.00 29.830 738.00 29.880