# Foraminifer trace element data and experimental seawater properties from culture experiments on O. universa grown in "Paleocene" seawater chemistry
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#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22930
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/by_contributor/haynes2017/haynes2017-calib.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
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# Archive: Paleoceanography
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# Parameter_Keywords: trace metals in carbonates
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# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2017-10-27
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2017-10-27
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# Title
#    Study_Name: Foraminifer trace element data and experimental seawater properties from culture experiments on O. universa grown in "Paleocene" seawater chemistry
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# Investigators
#      Investigators: Haynes, Laura; Hönisch, Bärbel; Dyez, K.; Holland, K.; Rosenthal, Y.; Fish, C.; Subhas, A.; Rae, J.W.B
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: This data set comprises the parameters and data from culture experiments in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa. Foraminiferal B/Ca and Mg/Ca, seawater trace element concentrations, and seawater carbonate chemistry parameters are reported. We also report estimated net lifetime growth rates, calculated from foraminiferal size, weight, and duration of life. These are not measured quantities and do not reflect instantaneous shell growth rate. Measurement precision- temperature: 0.1 degrees C, salinity: 0.1 PSU.
#         Provided Keywords: B/Ca, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Orbulina universa, culture calibrations
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# Publication
# Authors: Haynes, L.L., B. Hönisch, K.A. Dyez, K. Holland, Y. Rosenthal, C.R. Fish, A.V. Subhas, and J.W.B. Rae
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2017
# Published_Title: Calibration of the B/Ca proxy in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa to Paleocene seawater conditions
# Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
# Volume: 32
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 580-599
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 10.1002/2016PA003069
# Online_Resource: 
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: The B/Ca ratio of planktic foraminiferal calcite, a proxy for the surface ocean carbonate system, displays large negative excursions during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.9 Ma), consistent with rapid ocean acidification at that time. However, the B/Ca excursion measured at the PETM exceeds a magnitude that modern pH calibrations can explain. Numerous other controls on the proxy have been suggested, including foraminiferal growth rate and the total concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Here we present new calibrations for B/Ca versus the combined effects of pH and DIC in the symbiont-bearing planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa, grown in culture solutions with simulated Paleocene seawater elemental composition (high [Ca], low [Mg], and low total boron concentration ([B]T). We also investigate the isolated effects of low seawater [B]T, high [Ca], reduced symbiont photosynthetic activity, and average shell growth rate on O. universa B/Ca in order to further understand the proxy systematics and to determine other possible influences on the PETM records. We find that average shell growth rate does not appear to determine B/Ca in high calcite saturation experiments. In addition, our “Paleocene” calibration shows higher sensitivity than the modern calibration at low [B(OH)4-]/DIC. Given a large DIC pulse at the PETM, this amplification of the B/Ca response can more fully explain the PETM B/Ca excursion. However, further calibrations with other foraminifer species are needed to determine the range of foraminifer species-specific proxy sensitivities under these conditions for quantitative reconstruction of large carbon cycle perturbations.
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# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#    Grant: OCE12-32987
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# Site Information
# Site_Name: Global Oceans
# Location: 
# Country: 
# Northernmost_Latitude: 90
# Southernmost_Latitude: -90
# Easternmost_Longitude: 180
# Westernmost_Longitude: -180
# Elevation: 
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: O. universa calibration Haynes2017
#   First_Year: 
#   Last_Year: 
#   Time_Unit: 
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## Avgsize	diameter,Orbulina universa,,µm,,paleoceanography,,,N,Average foraminifer diameter; Nikon microscope
## SizeRange	size range,Orbulina universa,,µm,,paleoceanography,,,C,Experimental Size range; Nikon microscope
## AvgWt	Average foraminifer weight,Orbulina universa,,µg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Average foraminifer weight; Microabalance
## GroRate-1	growth rate,Orbulina universa,,µg/day,,paleoceanography,,,N,Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous
## GroRate-1_1s	growth rate,Orbulina universa,one standard deviation,µg/day,,paleoceanography,,,N,Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous
## GroRate-2	growth rate,Orbulina universa,,log10 mol/m2/s,,paleoceanography,,,N,Calculated net growth rate; calculated net rate- not measured or instantaneous
## Nexp/Ntot	samples used,Orbulina universa,,none,,paleoceanography,,,C,Number of individuals included in growth rate estimate/ total number of individuals in experiment
## Temp	Temperature,seawater,,degree Celsius,,instrumental,,,N,Hobo TidBit
## Sal	Salinity,seawater,,PSU,,instrumental,,,N,conductivity probe
## pH 	pH,seawater,2s,Total Scale,,instrumental,,,N,metrohm titrator
## pH_2s	pH,seawater,two standard deviations,Total Scale,,instrumental,,,N,metrohm titrator
## Alkalinity	Alkalinity ,seawater,2s,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,metrohm titrator
## Alkalinity_2s	Alkalinity ,seawater,two standard deviations,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,metrohm titrator
## DIC	Dissolved Inoranic Carbon,seawater,2s,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## DIC_2s	Dissolved Inoranic Carbon,seawater,two standard deviations,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## HCO3-	Bicarbonate Ion,seawater,2s,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Bicarbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## HCO3-_2s	Bicarbonate Ion,seawater,two standard deviations,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Bicarbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## CO32-	Carbonate Ion Concentration,seawater,2s,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Carbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## CO32-_2s	Carbonate Ion Concentration,seawater,two standard deviations,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Carbonate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## B(OH)4-	Borate Ion Concentration,seawater,2s,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Borate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## B(OH)4-_2s	Borate Ion Concentration,seawater,two standard deviations,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Borate Ion Concentration; calculated in Co2sys.m
## OmCalcite	Calcite Saturation State,seawater,2s,Unitless,,paleoceanography,,,N,Calcite Saturation State; calculated in Co2sys.m
## OmCalcite_2s	Calcite Saturation State,seawater,two standard deviations,Unitless,,paleoceanography,,,N,Calcite Saturation State; calculated in Co2sys.m
## B(OH)4-/DIC	Borate ion/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Ratio,seawater,,Unitless,,paleoceanography,,,N,Borate ion/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Ratio
## B/Ca/BT/DIC	B/Ca over B/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon,seawater,,µmol/mol / µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,,N,Measured foram B/Ca over total seawater [B]/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ratio (defined KD value)
## Btot	boron,seawater,,µmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,N,Total boron concentraion
## Ca	calcium,seawater,,mmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,N,Total calcium concentration
## Mg	magnesium,seawater,,mmol/kg,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,N,Total magnesium concentration
## B/Ca-O.univer	Boron/Calcium,Orbulina universa,,µmol/mol,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
## B/Ca-O.univer_2s	Boron/Calcium,Orbulina universa,two standard deviations,µmol/mol,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
## B/Ca-O.univer-SC	Boron/Calcium Ratio corrected for salinity,Orbulina universa,,µmol/mol,,paleoceanography,,,N,corrected for salinity
## Mg/Ca-O.univer	Magnesium/Calcium,Orbulina universa,,mmol/mol,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
## Mg/Ca-O.univer_2s	Magnesium/Calcium,Orbulina universa,two standard deviations,mmol/mol,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
## PAR	Photosynthetically active radiation,tank,,µmol photons /m2/s,,paleoceanography,,light meter,N,Photosynthetically active radiation
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# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: -999
Avgsize	SizeRange	AvgWt	GroRate-1	GroRate-1_1s	GroRate-2	Nexp/Ntot	Temp	Sal	pH 	pH_2s	Alkalinity	Alkalinity_2s	DIC	DIC_2s	HCO3-	HCO3-_2s	CO32-	CO32-_2s	B(OH)4-	B(OH)4-_2s	OmCalcite	OmCalcite_2s	B(OH)4-/DIC	B/Ca/BT/DIC	Btot	Ca	Mg	B/Ca-O.univer	B/Ca-O.univer_2s	B/Ca-O.univer-SC	Mg/Ca-O.univer	Mg/Ca-O.univer_2s	PAR	PAR
LH3a	812	798-836	109	5.4	2.8	-8.8	3 of 3	21.9	33.1	7.75	0.06	1069	22	998	25	942	26	42	6	39.7	6	2.3	0.3	0.0398	0.2455	367	18.5	28.2	90.4	6.0	-999	-999	-999	291
LH3b	535	365-612	28	4.8	1.4	-8.6	13 of 15	21.9	33.1	7.75	0.06	1069	22	998	25	942	26	42	6	39.7	6	2.3	0.3	0.0398	0.2319	367	18.5	28.2	85.4	5.6	-999	-999	-999	291
LH2a	564	451-622	46	7.9	2.2	-8.5	15 of 15	21.6	33.1	7.84	0.058	2197	14	2063	28	1935	39	107	14	46.7	6	5.8	0.8	0.0226	0.2526	361	18.9	28.2	44.2	2.9	-999	-999	-999	291
LH2b	564	451-622	46	7.9	2.2	-8.5	15 of 15	21.6	33.1	7.84	0.058	2197	14	2063	28	1935	39	107	14	46.7	6	5.8	0.8	0.0226	0.3001	361	18.9	28.2	52.6	3.5	-999	-999	-999	291
LH4a	562	414-703	53	6.8	1.7	-8.5	13 of 14	21.9	33.2	7.78	0.044	3143	30	2998	36	2824	43	137	15	42.3	5	7.3	0.8	0.0141	0.4072	367	18.6	28.8	49.9	3.3	-999	-999	-999	291
LH4b	562	414-703	53	6.8	1.7	-8.5	13 of 14	21.9	33.2	7.78	0.044	3143	30	2998	36	2824	43	137	15	42.3	5	7.3	0.8	0.0141	0.4068	367	18.6	28.8	49.8	3.3	-999	-999	-999	291
LH5a	581	475-664	67	7.8	3.3	-8.5	15 of 15	21.6	33.2	7.81	0.06	4156	96	3970	99	3736	105	187	28	43.0	6	9.9	1.5	0.0108	0.4031	359	18.2	27.9	36.4	2.4	-999	-999	-999	291
LH5b	581	475-664	67	7.8	3.3	-8.5	15 of 15	21.6	33.2	7.81	0.06	4156	96	3970	99	3736	105	187	28	43.0	6	9.9	1.5	0.0108	0.4948	359	18.2	27.9	44.7	2.9	-999	-999	-999	291
LH5c	581	475-664	67	7.8	3.3	-8.5	15 of 15	21.6	33.2	7.81	0.06	4156	96	3970	99	3736	105	187	28	43.0	6	9.9	1.5	0.0108	0.4988	359	18.2	27.9	45.1	3.0	-999	-999	-999	291
LH6	513	400-654	33	7.0	1.8	-8.5	10 of 11	21.6	33.2	7.53	0.042	2031	40	2000	42	1905	41	57	6	24.1	3	2.7	0.3	0.0120	0.2691	359	18.3	28.1	48.3	3.2	-999	-999	-999	291
LH7	489	373-551	36	6.5	1.2	-8.4	4 of 9	21.9	33.3	7.89	0.034	2156	14	2005	20	1871	26	129	9	51.8	4	6.1	0.5	0.0258	0.3443	365	18.6	28.5	62.6	4.1	-999	-999	-999	291
LH11a	572	556-593	42	8.8	2.1	-8.4	5 of 5	21.6	33.1	8.24	0.0158	2371	30	2034	30	1786	20	267	16	97.3	3	12.8	0.5	0.0478	0.4158	364	18.4	28.3	74.3	4.9	-999	-999	-999	291
LH11b	542	517-556	43	9.3	0.7	-8.3	5 of 5	21.6	33.1	8.24	0.0158	2371	30	2034	30	1786	20	267	16	97.0	3	12.8	0.5	0.0478	0.3949	364	18.4	28.3	70.6	4.7	-999	-999	-999	291
LH8	522	404-621	41	8.1	2.1	-8.4	14 of 17	21.6	33.1	7.54	0.056	3035	26	3000	33	2859	35	88	11	23.6	3	4.0	0.6	0.0079	0.3766	348	17.7	27.3	43.7	2.9	-999	-999	-999	291
LH9a	855	844-865	190	6.5	0.7	-8.7	2 of 2	21.6	33.2	7.89	0.076	3213	14	3016	47	2816	73	194	31	51.0	9	9.1	1.7	0.0169	0.4488	359	18.2	28.0	53.4	3.5	-999	-999	-999	291
LH9b	532	464-592	41	8.2	2.2	-8.3	13 of 14	21.6	33.2	7.89	0.076	3213	14	3016	47	2816	73	194	31	51.0	9	9.1	1.7	0.0169	0.4643	359	18.2	28.0	55.2	3.6	-999	-999	-999	291
LH13a	561	479-659	43	6.5	1.6	-8.5	22 of 22	21.9	33.1	7.93	0.05	2179	36	2022	39	1867	47	142	16	32.5	4	3.4	0.4	0.0161	0.2667	207	9.6	50.7	27.4	1.8	-999	-999	-999	291
LH13b	561	479-659	43	6.5	1.6	-8.5	22 of 22	21.9	33.1	7.93	0.05	2179	36	2022	39	1867	47	142	16	32.5	4	3.4	0.4	0.0161	0.2928	207	9.6	50.7	30.0	2.0	-999	-999	-999	291
LH14	566	454-637	50	6.3	2.7	-8.7	9 of 9	21.9	33.3	7.95	0.034	2247	8	2016	21	1855	30	148	11	97.4	7	3.6	0.3	0.0483	0.3438	596	9.7	51.0	101.7	6.7	-999	-999	-999	291
LH15a	552	472-624	39	6.8	1.2	-8.5	11 of 11	21.6	33.1	7.94	0.036	2291	16	2025	27	1862	36	147	11	131.9	11	3.6	0.3	0.0651	0.4284	812	9.9	52.4	171.8	11.3	-999	-999	-999	291
LH15b	552	472-624	39	6.8	1.2	-8.5	11 of 11	21.6	33.1	7.94	0.036	2291	16	2025	27	1862	36	147	11	131.9	11	3.6	0.3	0.0651	0.4079	812	9.9	52.4	163.6	10.8	-999	-999	-999	291
LH16a	512	403-589	38	4.7	1.1	-8.6	17 of 19	21.6	33.4	7.98	0.052	2235	8	2019	29	1848	44	160	18	69.2	9	3.9	0.4	0.0343	0.3357	397	9.8	51.2	66.0	4.4	-999	8.80	0.07	19
LH16b	512	403-589	38	4.7	1.1	-8.6	17 of 19	21.6	33.4	7.98	0.052	2235	8	2019	29	1848	44	160	18	69.2	9	3.9	0.4	0.0343	0.3328	397	9.8	51.2	65.4	4.3	-999	9.93	0.08	19
BH1a	616	605-631	49	10.9	3.0	-8.5	7 of 7	26.01	36.4	8.04	0.06	2365	16	2040	47	1797	74	232	30	96.0	13	5.4	0.7	0.0471	0.2735	427	10.1	55.5	57.3	3.8	-999	8.18	0.07	19
BH1b	501	417-526	29	7.2	1.8	-8.4	9 of 11	26.01	36.4	8.04	0.06	2365	16	2040	47	1797	74	232	30	96.0	13	5.4	0.7	0.0471	0.2804	427	10.1	55.5	58.7	3.9	-999	8.55	0.07	19
KD1a	627	607-664	70	10.0	3.1	-8.5	7 of 7	25.9	37.5	8.03	0.046	2404	18	2052	38	1847	58	226	23	96.4	9	9.1	0.9	0.0470	0.3055	424	20.8	54.0	63.1	4.2	56.62	-999	-999	320
KD1b	566	528-598	55	8.5	1.4	-8.4	8 of 8	25.9	37.5	8.03	0.046	2404	18	2052	38	1847	58	226	23	96.4	9	9.1	0.9	0.0470	0.3667	424	20.8	54.0	75.8	5.0	69.26	-999	-999	320
KD2a	636	602-665	79	11.8	2.2	-8.4	5 of 6	25.9	37.1	8.02	0.034	2393	16	2066	28	1854	42	219	16	93.5	7	7.1	0.5	0.0455	0.3791	429	15.8	54.3	78.7	5.2	73.13	-999	-999	320
KD2b	561	495-591	58	7.9	1.5	-8.4	7 of 7	25.9	37.1	8.02	0.034	2393	16	2066	28	1854	42	219	16	93.5	7	7.1	0.5	0.0455	0.3990	429	15.8	54.3	82.8	5.5	77.25	-999	-999	320
BH6a	636	608-669	57	9.9	1.0	-8.5	6 of 6	25.9	36.5	8.03	0.03	2364	16	2046	26	1820	47	221	14	94.0	6	5.3	0.3	0.0460	0.3373	428	10.8	54.3	70.5	4.7	66.34	7.64	0.06	320
BH6b	550	518-560	48	8.1	2.1	-8.4	6 of 6	25.9	36.5	8.03	0.03	2364	16	2046	26	1820	47	221	14	94.0	6	5.3	0.3	0.0460	0.3449	428	10.8	54.3	72.1	4.8	67.93	7.87	0.06	320
BH6c	590	580-608	48	9.3	1.3	-8.4	6 of 6	25.9	36.5	8.03	0.03	2364	16	2046	26	1820	47	221	14	94.0	6	5.3	0.3	0.0460	0.3275	428	10.8	54.3	68.4	4.5	64.27	6.84	0.05	320
PR1	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	25.7	35.5	7.49	0.12	2065	36	2009	-999	1900	-999	65	-999	31.9	-999	1.5	-999	0.0159	-999	-999	-999	-999	58.4	2.9	-999	-999	-999	-999
PR2	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	25.7	35.5	8.03	0.12	2340	26	2035	-999	1809	-999	215	-999	93.9	-999	5.1	-999	0.0461	-999	-999	-999	-999	69.5	3.5	-999	-999	-999	-999
PR3	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	-999	25.7	34.47	8.45	0.06	2751	52	2082	-999	1599	-999	478	-999	175.8	-999	11.7	-999	0.0844	-999	-999	-999	-999	112.9	5.6	-999	-999	-999	-999