# Gulf of Alaska 17,000 Year Isotope Data
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#              World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                       NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data,
# plus the data file URL and date accessed.
#
#  Online_Resource: http://www.hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:14113
#
#  Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/davies2011/davies2011-nonion.txt
# 
# Archive: Paleoceanography
#
#--------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
# Date: 2013-03-18
#--------------------------------
# Title:  Gulf of Alaska 17,000 Year Isotope Data
#--------------------------------
# Investigators: Davies, M.H.; Mix, A.C.; Stoner, J.S.
#--------------------
# Description and Notes: 
# Calibrated foraminiferal radiocarbon dates and stable isotope data from N. pachyderma, G. bulloides, U. peregrina, C. wuellerstorfi, and Nonionella sp. at sub-centennial resolution through the Holocene and most recent glacial termination in the Gulf of Alaska. The depth in core is in cmbsf (equivalent to jumbo core depths + 150 cm). To allow direct comparison to U. peregrina, empirical species corrections of +0.64‰ and +0.1‰ were applied to the δ18O values of C. wuellerstorfi and Nonionella sp., respectively. Similarly, an empirical species correction of −0.2‰ was applied to the δ13C values of C. wuellerstorfi.
#
#--------------------
# Publication/Citation 
#   Authors: Davies, M.H., A.C. Mix, J.S. Stoner, J.A. Addison, J. Jaeger, B. Finney, and J. Wiest
#   Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#   Published_Title: The deglacial transition on the southeastern Alaska Margin: Meltwater input, sea level rise, marine productivity, and sedimentary anoxia
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2011
#   Volume: 26
#  Report_Number: PA2223
#   DOI: 10.1029/2010PA002051
# Abstract: Oxygen isotope data from planktonic and benthic foraminifera, on a high-resolution age model (44 14C dates spanning 17,400 years), document deglacial environmental change on the southeast Alaska margin (59°33.32′N, 144°9.21′W, 682 m water depth). Surface freshening (i.e., δ18O reduction of 0.8‰) began at 16,650 ± 170 cal years B.P. during an interval of ice proximal sedimentation, likely due to freshwater input from melting glaciers. A sharp transition to laminated hemipelagic sediments constrains retreat of regional outlet glaciers onto land circa 14,790 ± 380 cal years B.P. Abrupt warming and/or freshening of the surface ocean (i.e., additional δ18O reduction of 0.9‰) coincides with the Bølling Interstade of northern Europe and Greenland. Cooling and/or higher salinities returned during the Allerød interval, coincident with the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and continue until 11,740 ± 200 cal years B.P., when onset of warming coincides with the end of the Younger Dryas. An abrupt 1‰ reduction in benthic δ18O at 14,250 ± 290 cal years B.P. likely reflects a decrease in bottom water salinity driven by deep mixing of glacial meltwater, a regional megaflood event, or brine formation associated with sea ice. Two laminated opal-rich intervals record discrete episodes of high productivity during the last deglaciation. These events, precisely dated here at 14,790 ± 380 to 12,990 ± 190 cal years B.P. and 11,160 ± 130 to 10,750 ± 220 cal years B.P., likely correlate to similar features observed elsewhere on the margins of the North Pacific and are coeval with episodes of rapid sea level rise. Remobilization of iron from newly inundated continental shelves may have helped to fuel these episodes of elevated primary productivity and sedimentary anoxia.
#--------------------------------
# Funding Agency: 
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation Paleoclimate
#    Grant: ATM-0602395
#--------------------------------
# Funding Agency: 
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation Geophysics 
#    Grant: EAR-0711584
#--------------------------------
# Funding Agency: 
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation Ocean Drilling
#    Grant: OCE-0242084 and OCE-0351096
#--------------------------------
# Site Information: 
# Site_Name: EW0408-85JC
# Location: Gulf of Alaska
#	Northernmost_Latitude:  59.555
# 	Southernmost_Latitude:   59.555
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 144.153
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 144.153
# 	Elevation:depth(m): 682
#--------------------------------
# Data Collection 
# Collection_Name: EW0408-85JC_Nonionella.sp
# First_Year: 14200
# Last_Year: 11200
# Time_Unit: cal yr BP
# Core_Length:
# Notes: 
#--------------------------------
# Chronology   
# Radiocarbon Dates From Multi, Trigger, and Jumbo Cores(a)
#
#
#EW0408 Core	Core Depth (cm)	Depth Below Seafloor (cmbsf)	Planktonic 14C Age (years)	Planktonic 14C +/-1sigma Error(years)	Benthic 14C Age (years)	Benthic 14C +/-1sigma Error (years)	Calendar Age(b) (years)	Calendar +/-1sigma Error (years)
#
# 84MC2	1	1	n/a		1490	20	220	120
# 84MC2	27	27	n/a		1795	35	510	90
# 84MC2	55	55	n/a		1930	45	610	85
# 85TC	9	22	660	250	1530	45	190	260
# 85TC	111	124	1650	90	2505	50	740	110
# 85TC	209	222	2730	70	3440	60	1870	130
# 85JC	26	176	2340	70			1430	110
# 85JC	104	254	3560	60			2880	115
# 85JC	154	304	4000	80			3420	135
# 85JC	206	356	4330	60			3820	135
# 85JC	254	404	4990	90			4700	150
# 85JC	304	454	5500	70			5380	125
# 85JC	354	504	6410	25			6360	85
# 85JC	405	555	7980	25			7970	95
# 85JC	455	605	8610	80			8650	165
# 85JC	505	655	9020	120			9180	175
# 85JC	555	705	9660	70			9970	160
# 85JC	575	725	9930	30			10,320	95
# 85JC	590	740	10,260	25			10,680	120
# 85JC	604	754	10,410	100			10,880	180
# 85JC	609	759	10,600	35			11,130	90
# 85JC	620	770	10,855	30			11,470	95
# 85JC	630	780	11,065	25			11,850	180
# 85JC	640	790	11,250	25			12,220	155
# 85JC	654	804	12,810	60			13,770	120
# 85JC	660	810	13,080	30			14,040	140
# 85JC	670	820	13,170	60			14,280	255
# 85JC	675	825	13,310	80			14,510	295
# 85JC	680	830	13,430	45			14,710	280
# 85JC	690	840	13,830	35			15,550	255
# 85JC	704	854	14,345	30			16,640	145
# 85JC	726	876	14,645	35			16,890	90
# 85JC	754	904	14,870	50			17,050	130
# 85JC	804	954	14,985	35			17,160	135
# 85JC	854	1004	14,890	60			17,070	140
# 85JC	904	1054	15,040	80			17,240	200
# 85JC	953	1103	14,860	80			17,050	140
# 85JC	1003	1153	15,080	40			17,290	185
# 85JC	1053	1203	15,110	60			17,320	195
# 85JC	1103	1253	15,160	35			17,370	185
# 
# a)Multi, trigger, and jumbo cores are abbreviated MC, TC, and JC, respectively.
# b)Calculated from mean planktonic 14C ages for JC and TC samples and benthic 14C ages for MC samples, using CALIB v.6.0[Stuiver and Reimer, 1993] with the Marine09 calibration curve. For planktonic samples (JC and TC) DeltaR = 470 +/- 80 years, and for benthic samples (MC) DeltaR = 900 +/- 100. 
#--------------------------------
# Variables    
# 
## depth_cm  depth,,,cm,,,,N
## d13Cnonion.sp delta 13C,,,per mil PDB, >150 μm,Nonionella sp.,N
## d18Ononion.sp delta 18O,,,per mil PDB,>150 μm,Nonionella sp.,N
#--------------------------------
# Data:
# Missing_Values: NA
depth_cm   d13Cnonion.sp  d18Ononion.sp
762.5	-0.81623	3.897
792	-0.99321	3.9992
796.5	-1.0263	3.8111
819.5	-1.3661	3.0422