# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-i-comp.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: North Iceland Shelf # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 66.55167 # Southernmost_Latitude: 66.5265 # Easternmost_Longitude: -17.69983 # Westernmost_Longitude: -18.19567 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: IcelandShelf-SST # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1974 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Composite record derived from records I1-I3 in this study, normalised for the period 1000 - 1974 AD. #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,,N ## SST-anom.recon sea surface temperature anomaly,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,period 1000-1974 AD,reconstruction,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST-anom.recon 1974 -1.161 1973 -1.150 1972 -1.141 1971 -1.138 1970 -1.140 1969 -1.139 1968 -1.135 1967 -1.120 1966 -1.084 1965 -1.026 1964 -0.942 1963 -0.841 1962 -0.729 1961 -0.619 1960 -0.507 1959 -0.417 1958 -0.345 1957 -0.291 1956 -0.258 1955 -0.251 1954 -0.259 1953 -0.285 1952 -0.317 1951 -0.357 1950 -0.406 1949 -0.462 1948 -0.525 1947 -0.583 1946 -0.641 1945 -0.700 1944 -0.746 1943 -0.776 1942 -0.795 1941 -0.802 1940 -0.805 1939 -0.807 1938 -0.810 1937 -0.817 1936 -0.834 1935 -0.844 1934 -0.847 1933 -0.842 1932 -0.825 1931 -0.797 1930 -0.766 1929 -0.730 1928 -0.704 1927 -0.692 1926 -0.704 1925 -0.746 1924 -0.815 1923 -0.907 1922 -1.023 1921 -1.151 1920 -1.288 1919 -1.415 1918 -1.522 1917 -1.603 1916 -1.651 1915 -1.659 1914 -1.640 1913 -1.591 1912 -1.524 1911 -1.453 1910 -1.392 1909 -1.342 1908 -1.318 1907 -1.323 1906 -1.355 1905 -1.417 1904 -1.498 1903 -1.589 1902 -1.688 1901 -1.772 1900 -1.827 1899 -1.854 1898 -1.842 1897 -1.797 1896 -1.716 1895 -1.602 1894 -1.464 1893 -1.311 1892 -1.153 1891 -1.000 1890 -0.864 1889 -0.745 1888 -0.649 1887 -0.582 1886 -0.537 1885 -0.525 1884 -0.530 1883 -0.544 1882 -0.571 1881 -0.594 1880 -0.618 1879 -0.645 1878 -0.662 1877 -0.687 1876 -0.711 1875 -0.741 1874 -0.790 1873 -0.849 1872 -0.914 1871 -0.984 1870 -1.060 1869 -1.140 1868 -1.219 1867 -1.295 1866 -1.366 1865 -1.423 1864 -1.461 1863 -1.481 1862 -1.481 1861 -1.456 1860 -1.407 1859 -1.340 1858 -1.253 1857 -1.164 1856 -1.062 1855 -0.966 1854 -0.870 1853 -0.778 1852 -0.698 1851 -0.631 1850 -0.575 1849 -0.525 1848 -0.484 1847 -0.449 1846 -0.415 1845 -0.373 1844 -0.337 1843 -0.295 1842 -0.258 1841 -0.229 1840 -0.222 1839 -0.245 1838 -0.299 1837 -0.387 1836 -0.511 1835 -0.663 1834 -0.837 1833 -1.024 1832 -1.204 1831 -1.366 1830 -1.503 1829 -1.601 1828 -1.662 1827 -1.685 1826 -1.669 1825 -1.631 1824 -1.571 1823 -1.505 1822 -1.440 1821 -1.389 1820 -1.358 1819 -1.337 1818 -1.336 1817 -1.357 1816 -1.400 1815 -1.447 1814 -1.486 1813 -1.513 1812 -1.525 1811 -1.523 1810 -1.499 1809 -1.453 1808 -1.406 1807 -1.343 1806 -1.271 1805 -1.201 1804 -1.122 1803 -1.044 1802 -0.967 1801 -0.892 1800 -0.817 1799 -0.749 1798 -0.697 1797 -0.649 1796 -0.607 1795 -0.565 1794 -0.533 1793 -0.511 1792 -0.487 1791 -0.464 1790 -0.446 1789 -0.433 1788 -0.426 1787 -0.424 1786 -0.438 1785 -0.467 1784 -0.512 1783 -0.579 1782 -0.659 1781 -0.748 1780 -0.846 1779 -0.940 1778 -1.015 1777 -1.065 1776 -1.079 1775 -1.058 1774 -1.002 1773 -0.908 1772 -0.788 1771 -0.648 1770 -0.513 1769 -0.384 1768 -0.278 1767 -0.202 1766 -0.153 1765 -0.129 1764 -0.124 1763 -0.138 1762 -0.146 1761 -0.155 1760 -0.166 1759 -0.166 1758 -0.163 1757 -0.160 1756 -0.158 1755 -0.159 1754 -0.165 1753 -0.179 1752 -0.208 1751 -0.259 1750 -0.334 1749 -0.423 1748 -0.521 1747 -0.616 1746 -0.709 1745 -0.790 1744 -0.847 1743 -0.882 1742 -0.891 1741 -0.882 1740 -0.847 1739 -0.787 1738 -0.707 1737 -0.600 1736 -0.469 1735 -0.317 1734 -0.143 1733 0.037 1732 0.222 1731 0.392 1730 0.543 1729 0.655 1728 0.722 1727 0.729 1726 0.676 1725 0.582 1724 0.451 1723 0.296 1722 0.142 1721 -0.002 1720 -0.119 1719 -0.199 1718 -0.246 1717 -0.265 1716 -0.263 1715 -0.246 1714 -0.223 1713 -0.217 1712 -0.227 1711 -0.263 1710 -0.325 1709 -0.405 1708 -0.502 1707 -0.603 1706 -0.692 1705 -0.763 1704 -0.816 1703 -0.838 1702 -0.836 1701 -0.815 1700 -0.776 1699 -0.736 1698 -0.686 1697 -0.644 1696 -0.602 1695 -0.570 1694 -0.543 1693 -0.529 1692 -0.517 1691 -0.506 1690 -0.503 1689 -0.499 1688 -0.501 1687 -0.501 1686 -0.511 1685 -0.528 1684 -0.558 1683 -0.598 1682 -0.662 1681 -0.733 1680 -0.805 1679 -0.876 1678 -0.936 1677 -0.983 1676 -0.999 1675 -0.993 1674 -0.970 1673 -0.935 1672 -0.884 1671 -0.836 1670 -0.793 1669 -0.755 1668 -0.730 1667 -0.713 1666 -0.700 1665 -0.690 1664 -0.678 1663 -0.669 1662 -0.649 1661 -0.617 1660 -0.579 1659 -0.528 1658 -0.465 1657 -0.396 1656 -0.325 1655 -0.268 1654 -0.221 1653 -0.192 1652 -0.181 1651 -0.198 1650 -0.227 1649 -0.271 1648 -0.321 1647 -0.371 1646 -0.418 1645 -0.462 1644 -0.495 1643 -0.520 1642 -0.530 1641 -0.535 1640 -0.531 1639 -0.510 1638 -0.486 1637 -0.459 1636 -0.425 1635 -0.402 1634 -0.375 1633 -0.363 1632 -0.362 1631 -0.371 1630 -0.388 1629 -0.413 1628 -0.445 1627 -0.483 1626 -0.522 1625 -0.562 1624 -0.594 1623 -0.621 1622 -0.634 1621 -0.629 1620 -0.611 1619 -0.575 1618 -0.520 1617 -0.442 1616 -0.354 1615 -0.254 1614 -0.144 1613 -0.038 1612 0.072 1611 0.174 1610 0.276 1609 0.366 1608 0.449 1607 0.517 1606 0.571 1605 0.612 1604 0.641 1603 0.655 1602 0.659 1601 0.651 1600 0.629 1599 0.614 1598 0.593 1597 0.562 1596 0.525 1595 0.481 1594 0.412 1593 0.324 1592 0.216 1591 0.078 1590 -0.067 1589 -0.222 1588 -0.353 1587 -0.454 1586 -0.515 1585 -0.538 1584 -0.528 1583 -0.485 1582 -0.421 1581 -0.334 1580 -0.246 1579 -0.149 1578 -0.069 1577 0.011 1576 0.079 1575 0.127 1574 0.150 1573 0.144 1572 0.104 1571 0.027 1570 -0.081 1569 -0.221 1568 -0.372 1567 -0.528 1566 -0.669 1565 -0.763 1564 -0.808 1563 -0.803 1562 -0.750 1561 -0.655 1560 -0.539 1559 -0.407 1558 -0.284 1557 -0.180 1556 -0.109 1555 -0.069 1554 -0.056 1553 -0.068 1552 -0.103 1551 -0.163 1550 -0.239 1549 -0.331 1548 -0.436 1547 -0.559 1546 -0.686 1545 -0.816 1544 -0.947 1543 -1.070 1542 -1.170 1541 -1.246 1540 -1.303 1539 -1.336 1538 -1.345 1537 -1.339 1536 -1.306 1535 -1.266 1534 -1.212 1533 -1.157 1532 -1.091 1531 -1.018 1530 -0.943 1529 -0.877 1528 -0.822 1527 -0.786 1526 -0.759 1525 -0.762 1524 -0.784 1523 -0.817 1522 -0.864 1521 -0.917 1520 -0.974 1519 -1.012 1518 -1.033 1517 -1.024 1516 -0.987 1515 -0.930 1514 -0.851 1513 -0.750 1512 -0.647 1511 -0.544 1510 -0.452 1509 -0.366 1508 -0.298 1507 -0.246 1506 -0.216 1505 -0.207 1504 -0.216 1503 -0.245 1502 -0.292 1501 -0.349 1500 -0.418 1499 -0.495 1498 -0.585 1497 -0.676 1496 -0.770 1495 -0.863 1494 -0.950 1493 -1.027 1492 -1.089 1491 -1.127 1490 -1.131 1489 -1.102 1488 -1.053 1487 -0.970 1486 -0.877 1485 -0.768 1484 -0.659 1483 -0.550 1482 -0.444 1481 -0.346 1480 -0.254 1479 -0.165 1478 -0.093 1477 -0.034 1476 0.003 1475 0.019 1474 0.021 1473 0.003 1472 -0.025 1471 -0.065 1470 -0.105 1469 -0.144 1468 -0.172 1467 -0.180 1466 -0.177 1465 -0.154 1464 -0.131 1463 -0.096 1462 -0.060 1461 -0.026 1460 0.001 1459 0.027 1458 0.054 1457 0.088 1456 0.129 1455 0.179 1454 0.241 1453 0.307 1452 0.376 1451 0.436 1450 0.491 1449 0.531 1448 0.550 1447 0.557 1446 0.543 1445 0.513 1444 0.468 1443 0.410 1442 0.338 1441 0.260 1440 0.177 1439 0.091 1438 0.009 1437 -0.067 1436 -0.137 1435 -0.205 1434 -0.270 1433 -0.336 1432 -0.403 1431 -0.467 1430 -0.536 1429 -0.606 1428 -0.673 1427 -0.731 1426 -0.781 1425 -0.808 1424 -0.819 1423 -0.795 1422 -0.742 1421 -0.661 1420 -0.560 1419 -0.443 1418 -0.321 1417 -0.212 1416 -0.120 1415 -0.056 1414 -0.020 1413 -0.015 1412 -0.036 1411 -0.085 1410 -0.158 1409 -0.247 1408 -0.351 1407 -0.454 1406 -0.548 1405 -0.630 1404 -0.691 1403 -0.726 1402 -0.745 1401 -0.734 1400 -0.715 1399 -0.676 1398 -0.639 1397 -0.593 1396 -0.543 1395 -0.496 1394 -0.447 1393 -0.386 1392 -0.330 1391 -0.273 1390 -0.219 1389 -0.174 1388 -0.140 1387 -0.126 1386 -0.137 1385 -0.168 1384 -0.215 1383 -0.274 1382 -0.340 1381 -0.406 1380 -0.475 1379 -0.527 1378 -0.575 1377 -0.614 1376 -0.651 1375 -0.686 1374 -0.724 1373 -0.774 1372 -0.832 1371 -0.884 1370 -0.934 1369 -0.977 1368 -1.005 1367 -1.012 1366 -0.994 1365 -0.954 1364 -0.900 1363 -0.838 1362 -0.775 1361 -0.716 1360 -0.668 1359 -0.636 1358 -0.619 1357 -0.618 1356 -0.622 1355 -0.638 1354 -0.659 1353 -0.679 1352 -0.691 1351 -0.704 1350 -0.707 1349 -0.695 1348 -0.669 1347 -0.633 1346 -0.582 1345 -0.528 1344 -0.469 1343 -0.414 1342 -0.375 1341 -0.351 1340 -0.355 1339 -0.398 1338 -0.475 1337 -0.575 1336 -0.691 1335 -0.816 1334 -0.928 1333 -1.020 1332 -1.082 1331 -1.113 1330 -1.107 1329 -1.070 1328 -1.013 1327 -0.934 1326 -0.846 1325 -0.761 1324 -0.680 1323 -0.611 1322 -0.556 1321 -0.506 1320 -0.478 1319 -0.449 1318 -0.420 1317 -0.394 1316 -0.376 1315 -0.353 1314 -0.327 1313 -0.295 1312 -0.250 1311 -0.197 1310 -0.136 1309 -0.067 1308 0.013 1307 0.105 1306 0.199 1305 0.299 1304 0.409 1303 0.521 1302 0.636 1301 0.750 1300 0.852 1299 0.947 1298 1.023 1297 1.086 1296 1.131 1295 1.165 1294 1.179 1293 1.184 1292 1.170 1291 1.149 1290 1.115 1289 1.072 1288 1.021 1287 0.968 1286 0.917 1285 0.877 1284 0.845 1283 0.827 1282 0.832 1281 0.854 1280 0.884 1279 0.921 1278 0.956 1277 0.981 1276 0.989 1275 0.975 1274 0.935 1273 0.874 1272 0.795 1271 0.709 1270 0.619 1269 0.539 1268 0.470 1267 0.413 1266 0.369 1265 0.336 1264 0.308 1263 0.287 1262 0.260 1261 0.223 1260 0.175 1259 0.123 1258 0.063 1257 -0.002 1256 -0.060 1255 -0.102 1254 -0.121 1253 -0.101 1252 -0.040 1251 0.057 1250 0.193 1249 0.359 1248 0.537 1247 0.720 1246 0.891 1245 1.044 1244 1.183 1243 1.295 1242 1.388 1241 1.468 1240 1.544 1239 1.616 1238 1.687 1237 1.753 1236 1.817 1235 1.862 1234 1.880 1233 1.860 1232 1.800 1231 1.703 1230 1.570 1229 1.407 1228 1.232 1227 1.053 1226 0.880 1225 0.730 1224 0.600 1223 0.491 1222 0.415 1221 0.361 1220 0.331 1219 0.314 1218 0.308 1217 0.301 1216 0.290 1215 0.271 1214 0.253 1213 0.237 1212 0.231 1211 0.237 1210 0.261 1209 0.307 1208 0.380 1207 0.483 1206 0.607 1205 0.746 1204 0.886 1203 1.031 1202 1.168 1201 1.285 1200 1.374 1199 1.440 1198 1.473 1197 1.481 1196 1.468 1195 1.437 1194 1.392 1193 1.343 1192 1.293 1191 1.252 1190 1.219 1189 1.188 1188 1.171 1187 1.154 1186 1.136 1185 1.125 1184 1.704 1183 1.743 1182 1.792 1181 1.848 1180 1.909 1179 1.972 1178 2.029 1177 2.079 1176 2.118 1175 2.139 1174 2.143 1173 2.127 1172 2.092 1171 2.041 1170 1.977 1169 1.902 1168 1.820 1167 1.731 1166 1.639 1165 1.547 1164 1.455 1163 1.364 1162 1.277 1161 1.198 1160 1.127 1159 1.069 1158 1.023 1157 0.990 1156 0.972 1155 0.967 1154 0.973 1153 0.990 1152 1.012 1151 1.037 1150 1.064 1149 1.090 1148 1.111 1147 1.123 1146 1.130 1145 1.128 1144 1.120 1143 1.104 1142 1.084 1141 1.060 1140 1.035 1139 1.012 1138 0.991 1137 0.979 1136 0.972 1135 0.978 1134 0.995 1133 1.026 1132 1.071 1131 1.130 1130 1.200 1129 1.282 1128 1.372 1127 1.468 1126 1.567 1125 1.660 1124 1.748 1123 1.823 1122 1.880 1121 1.915 1120 1.927 1119 1.912 1118 1.871 1117 1.806 1116 1.718 1115 1.611 1114 1.493 1113 1.367 1112 1.239 1111 1.116 1110 1.003 1109 0.907 1108 0.831 1107 0.778 1106 0.751 1105 0.748 1104 0.773 1103 0.820 1102 0.888 1101 0.973 1100 1.069 1099 1.174 1098 1.283 1097 1.389 1096 1.492 1095 1.588 1094 1.673 1093 1.749 1092 1.813 1091 1.867 1090 1.908 1089 1.941 1088 1.964 1087 1.977 1086 1.984 1085 1.986 1084 1.983 1083 1.977 1082 1.969 1081 1.960 1080 1.951 1079 1.939 1078 1.926 1077 1.909 1076 1.887 1075 1.857 1074 1.820 1073 1.773 1072 1.717 1071 1.653 1070 1.587 1069 1.518 1068 1.449 1067 1.381 1066 1.318 1065 1.258 1064 1.203 1063 1.154 1062 1.111 1061 1.077 1060 1.052 1059 1.036 1058 1.030 1057 1.035 1056 1.049 1055 1.070 1054 1.099 1053 1.133 1052 1.172 1051 1.219 1050 1.271 1049 1.329 1048 1.392 1047 1.458 1046 1.523 1045 1.586 1044 1.640 1043 1.684 1042 1.714 1041 1.727 1040 1.724 1039 1.708 1038 1.677 1037 1.636 1036 1.585 1035 1.529 1034 1.471 1033 1.414 1032 1.361 1031 1.316 1030 1.281 1029 1.262 1028 1.264 1027 1.283 1026 1.326 1025 1.390 1024 1.473 1023 1.572 1022 1.683 1021 1.798 1020 1.913 1019 2.021 1018 2.114 1017 2.190 1016 2.246 1015 2.283 1014 2.300 1013 2.300 1012 2.289 1011 2.269 1010 2.243 1009 2.214 1008 2.187 1007 2.163 1006 2.146 1005 2.136 1004 2.133 1003 2.137 1002 2.146 1001 2.160 1000 2.175