Arid Central Asia 1000 Year Synthesized Moisture Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, plus the data file URL and date accessed. NAME OF DATA SET: Arid Central Asia 1000 Year Synthesized Moisture Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 3/2012 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Chen, F.-H., J.-H. Chen, J. Holmes, I. Boomer, P. Austin, J.B. Gates, N.-L. Wang, S.J. Brooks, and J.-W. Zhang. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2012-023 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Chen, F.-H., et al. 2012. Arid Central Asia 1000 Year Synthesized Moisture Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2012-023. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Chen, F.-H., J.-H. Chen, J. Holmes, I. Boomer, P. Austin, J.B. Gates, N.-L. Wang, S.J. Brooks, and J.-W. Zhang. 2010. Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 29, Issues 7–8, pp. 1055–1068, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005 ABSTRACT: There is a strong chance that 20th century warming will cause differences in precipitation distribution, hydrological cycle and effective moisture changes over the globe. Arid central Asia (ACA), a unique dryland area whose atmospheric circulation is dominated today by the westerlies, is one of the specific regions that are likely to be strongly impacted by global warming. An understanding of past variations in effective moisture in such regions is an important prerequisite for the prediction of future hydrological change. Here we evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of effective moisture variations documented by different proxies from 17 records in ACA, and synthesize a decadal-resolution moisture curve for ACA over the past millennium, using 5 of the 17 records selected on the basis of reliable chronologies and robust proxies. The high- and low-resolution data all show that, over the past millennium, ACA has been characterized by a relatively dry Medieval Warm Period (MWP; the period from w1000 to 1350 AD), a wet Little Ice Age (LIA; from w1500 to 1850 AD) and increasing moisture during recent decades. As a whole, the LIA in the ACA was not only relatively humid but also had high precipitation. Over the past millennium, the multi-centennial moisture changes in ACA show a generally inverse relationship with the temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, China, and western central Asia. The effective moisture history in ACA also shows an out-of-phase relationship with that in monsoon Asia (especially during the LIA). We propose that the humid LIA in ACA, possibly extending to Mediterranean Sea and Western Europe, may have resulted from increased precipitation due to more frequent mid-latitude cyclone activities as a result of the strengthening and equator-ward shift of the westerly jet stream, and the predominantly negative North Atlantic Oscillation conditions, coupled with a decrease in evapotranspiration caused by the cooling at that time. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Austin, P., A. Mackay, O. Palagushkina, and M. Leng. 2007. A high-resolution diatom-inferred palaeoconductivity and lake level record of the Aral Sea for the last 1600 yr. Quaternary Research 67, 383-393. Chen, F.H., X.Z. Huang, M.L. Yang, X.L. Yang, Y.X. Fan, and H. Zhao. 2006a. Westerly dominated Holocene climate model in arid central Asia: case study on Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. Quaternary Sciences 26, 881-887 (in Chinese with English Abstract). Chen, F.H., X.Z. Huang, J.W. Zhang, J.A. Holmes, and J.H. Chen. 2006b. Humid Little Ice Age in central Asia documented by Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. Science in China, Series D 49, 1280-1290. Kuzmin, Y.V., L.A. Nevesskaya, S.K. Krivonogov, and G.S. Burr. 2007. Apparent 14C ages of the 'pre-bomb' shells and correction values (R, Delta R) for Caspian and Aral Seas (Central Asia). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 259, 463-466. Ma, J.Z., and W.M. Edmunds. 2006. Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran desert ecosystem, Inner Mongolia. Hydrogeology Journal 14, 1231-1243. Sorrel, P., S.M. Popescu, M.J. Head, J.P. Suc, S. Klotz, and H. Oberhansli. 2006. Hydrographic development of the Aral Sea during the last 2000 years based on a quantitative analysis of dinoflagellate cysts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234, 304-327. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, P.E. Lin, K.A. Henderson, J. Cole-Dai, J.F. Bolzan, and K.B. Liu. 1995. A 1000 year climate ice-core record from the Guliya ice cap, China: its relationship to global climate variability. Annals of Glaciology 21, 175-181. Yao, T.D., L.G. Thompson, D.H. Qin, L.D. Tian, K.Q. Jiao, Z.H. Yang, and C. Xie. 1996. Variations in temperature and precipitation in the past 2000a on the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau-Guliya ice core record. Science in China, Series D 39, 425-433. Zhou, A.F. 2007. Varve chronology and late Holocene environmental changes in Sugan Lake, northern Qaidam Basin. In: Ph.D. dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou (in Chinese with English Abstract). Zhou, A.F., F.H. Chen, M.R. Qiang, M.L. Yang, and J.W. Zhang. 2007. The discovery of annually laminated sediments (varves) from shallow Sugan Lake in inland arid China and their paleoclimatic significance. Science in China, Series D 50, 1218-1224. Zou, X., P. Zhai, and Q. Zhang. 2005. Variations in droughts over China: 1951-2003. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L04707. doi:10.1029/2004GL021853. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Central Asia PERIOD OF RECORD: 1000 AD - present FUNDING SOURCES: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40721061, 40971056), "111"project (#B06026). DATA FILE URLS: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/chen2010/chen2010.txt ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/chen2010/chen2010.xls DESCRIPTION: Synthesized moisture data (decadal resolution) for Arid Central Asia (ACA) over the last millennium. The synthesized data were derived from 5 well-dated, high-resolution paleo-moisture records located across the ACA, by arithmetically averaging of interpolated (to a uniform 10a resolution) and standardized (to have zero mean and unit standard deviation) original data. Chronology was established in original publications on each of the 5 proxy records, except in the case of Aral Sea. Arid central Asia: 34°19'48" - 46°31'48"N, 50°57'- 102°22'12"E DATA: 1. Chen et al. 2010 Proxy Age Model Information 1a. Aral Sea The chronology was estabished by synthesizing dates from several papers about late Quaternary environmental changes in Aral Sea, including Heim (2005), Sorrel et al.(2006), Austin et al.(2007) and Kuzmin et al.(2007), please refer them for more information. Lab. Code DatedMaterial DatingMeth. Depth(cm) Age14CyrBP ±1sigma ReservCorr Age,AD (IntCal04 for 14C dates) - - 137Cs 46 - - - 1963 KSU2 Algae AMS 14C 152 435 50 170 1700.5 POZ13511 TOC AMS 14C 497 815 - 170 1340.5 POZ4758 Algae AMS 14C 604 1225 30 170 968 POZ4762 Algae AMS 14C 720 1395 30 170 808 POZ9962 Mollusc AMS 14C 788 1480 30 170 753.5 POZ4760 Algae AMS 14C 860 1515 25 170 713.5 1b. Guliya The chronology was established by Thompson et al.(1995) and Yao et al.(1996) using annual dust layer counting, no relevant original data is available. 1c. Lake Bosten A 210Pb chronology was developed using CRS model for the upper 24 cm of the core, the ages between 24-45 cm are calculated by the average mass sedimentation rate of the last five samples of 210Pb to avoid the possible influence of mechanical compression, the ages below 45 cm were calculated by the average sedimentation rate (1.33mm/a) obtained from 14C datings. Please refer Chen et al.(2006) for more information. Lab.Code DatedMaterial DateMeth Depth(cm) Age14CyrBP ±1sigma ReserviorCorr AgeAD (IntCal04 for 14C date) - - 210Pb 1 - - - 2000 - - 210Pb 2 - - - 1996 - - 210Pb 3 - - - 1991 - - 210Pb 4 - - - 1986 - - 210Pb 5 - - - 1981 - - 210Pb 6 - - - 1978 - - 210Pb 7 - - - 1973 - - 210Pb 8 - - - 1969 - - 210Pb 9 - - - 1965 - - 210Pb 10 - - - 1962 - - 210Pb 11 - - - 1958 - - 210Pb 12 - - - 1954 - - 210Pb 13 - - - 1944 - - 210Pb 14 - - - 1935 - - 210Pb 15 - - - 1926 - - 210Pb 16 - - - 1922 - - 210Pb 17 - - - 1907 - - 210Pb 18 - - - 1893 - - 210Pb 19 - - - 1882 - - 210Pb 20 - - - 1867 - - 210Pb 21 - - - 1849 - - 210Pb 22 - - - 1831 - - 210Pb 23 - - - 1812 - - 210Pb 24 - - - 1803 LAMS05086 TOC AMS 14C 145 2370 40 1140 790 1d. Lake Sugan The varve chronology was established by Zhou et al.(2007, 2009). Depth(cm) VarveYr(AD/BC) 0.47794 2002 0.95588 2000 1.43382 1998 2.3897 1995 3.34558 1992 4.30146 1986 5.25734 1981 6.21322 1978 7.1691 1975 8.12498 1972 9.08086 1967 10.03674 1962 10.99262 1957 11.9485 1952 12.90438 1946 15.77202 1930 16.7279 1925 17.68378 1919 18.63966 1914 19.59554 1907 20.55142 1897 21.5073 1889 22.46318 1882 23.41906 1874 24.37494 1866 25.33082 1860 26.2867 1851 27.24258 1843 28.19846 1831 29.15434 1825 30.11022 1819 31.0661 1813 32.02198 1804 32.97786 1796 33.93374 1789 34.88962 1782 35.8455 1775 36.80138 1770 37.75726 1763 38.71314 1758 39.66902 1754 40.6249 1751 41.58078 1748 42.53666 1745 43.49254 1743 44.44842 1741 45.4043 1739 47.31606 1734 47.794 1733 48.74988 1731 50.66164 1726 51.61752 1724 52.5734 1721 53.52928 1719 54.48516 1717 55.44104 1714 56.39692 1712 57.3528 1709 58.30868 1707 59.26456 1705 60.22044 1703 61.17632 1700 62.1322 1698 63.08808 1695 64.04396 1693 64.99984 1691 65.95572 1688 66.9116 1686 67.86748 1684 68.82336 1682 69.77924 1679 70.73512 1677 71.691 1674 72.64688 1672 73.60276 1670 74.55864 1668 75.51452 1665 76.4704 1663 77.42628 1661 78.38216 1658 79.33804 1656 80.29392 1654 81.2498 1651 82.20568 1649 83.16156 1647 84.11744 1644 85.07332 1642 86.0292 1639 86.98508 1637 87.94096 1635 88.89684 1633 89.85272 1630 90.8086 1628 91.76448 1626 92.72036 1623 93.67624 1621 94.63212 1619 95.588 1618 96.54388 1618 97.49976 1617 98.45564 1616 99.41152 1615 100.3674 1612 101.32328 1607 102.27916 1602 103.23504 1599 104.19092 1597 105.1468 1595 106.10268 1593 107.05856 1592 108.01444 1591 108.97032 1590 109.9262 1589 110.88208 1588 111.83796 1587 112.79384 1586 113.74972 1585 114.7056 1584 115.66148 1582 116.61736 1580 117.57324 1579 118.52912 1578 119.485 1577 120.44088 1576 121.39676 1575 122.35264 1574 123.30852 1573 124.2644 1571 125.22028 1569 126.17616 1567 127.13204 1565 128.08792 1562 129.0438 1560 129.99968 1558 130.94068 1555 131.88136 1553 134.70339 1543 135.64407 1538 136.58475 1535 137.52542 1531 138.4661 1526 139.40678 1521 140.34746 1516 141.28814 1509 142.22881 1505 143.16949 1499 144.11017 1495 145.05085 1487 145.99153 1480 146.9322 1475 147.87288 1468 148.81356 1461 149.75424 1455 150.69492 1451 151.63559 1446 152.57627 1442 153.51695 1438 154.45763 1433 155.39831 1429 156.33898 1424 157.27966 1415 158.22034 1408 159.16102 1400 161.04237 1388 161.98305 1385 162.92373 1384 163.86441 1383 164.80509 1382 165.74576 1381 166.68644 1380 167.62712 1380 168.5678 1379 169.50848 1377 170.44915 1376 171.38983 1374 172.33051 1370 173.27119 1366 174.21187 1361 175.15254 1358 176.09322 1354 177.0339 1350 177.97458 1348 178.91526 1344 179.85593 1339 180.79661 1334 181.73729 1331 182.67797 1328 183.61865 1327 184.55932 1323 185.5 1321 186.44068 1319 187.38136 1316 188.32204 1313 189.26271 1310 190.20339 1308 191.14407 1306 192.08475 1303 193.02543 1301 193.9661 1299 194.90678 1298 195.84746 1296 196.78814 1294 201.49153 1284 202.43221 1280 203.37288 1280 204.31356 1278 205.25424 1275 206.19492 1273 207.1356 1271 208.07627 1269 209.01695 1268 209.95763 1267 210.89831 1265 211.83899 1263 212.77966 1262 213.72034 1261 214.66102 1260 215.6017 1259 216.54238 1258 217.48305 1258 218.42373 1257 219.36441 1255 220.30509 1254 221.24577 1253 222.18644 1251 223.12712 1249 224.0678 1247 225.00848 1244 225.94916 1241 226.88983 1238 227.83051 1235 228.77119 1231 229.71187 1228 230.65255 1225 231.59322 1222 232.5339 1219 233.47458 1216 234.41526 1214 235.35594 1212 236.29661 1210 237.23729 1209 238.17797 1207 239.11865 1207 240.05933 1205 241 1204 241.97826 1199 242.95652 1189 243.93478 1179 244.91304 1169 245.8913 1161 246.86957 1151 247.84783 1142 248.82609 1136 249.80435 1128 250.78261 1120 251.76087 1112 252.73913 1104 253.71739 1096 254.69565 1089 255.67391 1082 256.65218 1076 257.63044 1069 258.6087 1062 259.58696 1055 260.56522 1047 261.54348 1040 262.52174 1034 263.5 1027 264.47826 1021 265.45653 1015 266.43479 1009 267.41305 999 268.39131 990 1e. Badain Jaran Desert The chronology was established using a "accumulative Chloride dating" method by Ma and Edmunds, 2006. No relevant data is available. 2. Chen et al. 2010 Arid central Asia 1Kyr synthesized moisture data Age Moisture scale Year(AD) (sigma unit) 2000 -2.012 1990 0.09675 1980 -0.15116 1970 -0.3759 1960 -0.18471 1950 -0.8204 1940 -0.54472 1930 -0.27932 1920 -0.84955 1910 -0.41789 1900 -0.22423 1890 -0.04686 1880 -0.14859 1870 -0.41092 1860 -0.41779 1850 -0.12072 1840 0.27381 1830 0.67367 1820 1.1668 1810 0.57013 1800 0.27929 1790 1.04462 1780 1.47594 1770 1.21175 1760 1.52354 1750 1.60832 1740 1.23836 1730 1.17094 1720 0.79991 1710 0.99779 1700 0.98284 1690 0.76034 1680 0.7676 1670 0.58858 1660 0.84854 1650 0.64859 1640 0.85006 1630 0.77035 1620 0.32609 1610 0.88722 1600 0.93595 1590 0.69115 1580 1.14357 1570 1.12927 1560 1.3991 1550 1.53779 1540 0.62196 1530 1.07448 1520 0.12764 1510 0.40786 1500 0.5668 1490 -0.07074 1480 -0.27427 1470 -0.2277 1460 -0.31509 1450 0.0068 1440 -0.22075 1430 -0.12672 1420 -0.01015 1410 0.02573 1400 -0.32854 1390 -0.06584 1380 0.14394 1370 -0.23979 1360 -0.28416 1350 -0.91269 1340 -0.32509 1330 -0.85829 1320 -0.92766 1310 -0.68801 1300 -0.64221 1290 -0.76188 1280 -0.82082 1270 -0.50405 1260 -0.70021 1250 -0.58751 1240 -0.74437 1230 -0.53384 1220 -0.4459 1210 -0.67302 1200 -0.94885 1190 -0.87752 1180 -0.77219 1170 -0.81335 1160 -0.71714 1150 -0.66666 1140 -0.64858 1130 -0.9511 1120 -0.68505 1110 -0.58299 1100 -0.7771 1090 -0.62017 1080 -0.58236 1070 -0.5893 1060 -0.43248 1050 -0.57389 1040 -0.50221 1030 -0.32311 1020 -0.32659 1010 -0.20899 1000 -0.5006