Table 1. Late Holocene (LH) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Planktonic Foraminiferal d18O Values 								
" K. Billups and D. P. Schrag, Surface Ocean Density Gradients during the Last Glacial Maximum"								
								
Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union								
								

Table 1. Late Holocene (LH) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Planktonic Foraminiferal d18O values								

								
Species/Core	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)	Depth (m)	Sedimentation Rate	LH d18O	LGM d18O 	Dd18O	Reference
				(cm/kyr)	(per mil)	(per mil)	(per mil)	

				Western Atlantic				
G. sacculifer								
  GeoB 3202-1	-21.6	-40	1090	4.5	-0.9	0.6	1.5	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  GeoB 3229-2	-19.6	-38.75	780	4.5	-0.75	0.9	1.65	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  Mean -22° to -20°N	-20.6				-0.83	0.75	1.58	
  GeoB 3176-1	-7	-34.5	1385	17	-1.4	0.25	1.65	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  GeoB 2204	-8.5	-34	2072	2	-1.64	0.14	1.78	"Duerkoop et al. [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 764-772"
  GeoB 3129-1	-4.5	-36.6	830	38	-1.5	0.3	1.8	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  GeoB 3117-1	-4.2	-37.1	930	14	-1.5	0.5	2	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  GeoB 3104-1	-3.6	-37.6	767	6	-1.3	0.4	1.7	"Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117"
  V25-56	-3.6	-35.2	3512	4	-1.82	0.1	1.92	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  Mean (-9° to -4°N	-5.2				-1.53	0.28	1.81	
  GeoB 1523-1 	3.8	-41.6	3292	2	-1.87	0.24	2.11	"Duerkoop et al. [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 764-772"
  RC13-184 	3.9	-43.3	3446	4	-1.43	0.13	1.56	
  KNR 110-82GGC	4.3	-43.5	2816	3	-1.61	0.39	2	"Curry and Crowley [1987] Paleoceanography, 2, 489-517"
  KNR110-43PC	4.7	-43.7	3436	3	-1.61	0.24	1.85	"Curry and Crowley [1987] Paleoceanography, 2, 489-517"
  V25-75	8.6	-53.2	2743	8	-1.24	0.22	1.46	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  Mean 4°-9°N	5.1				-1.55	0.24	1.8	
  RC9-49	11.2	-58.6	1851	4	-1.7	0.29	1.99	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  V28-122	11.9	-78.7	3623	7	-1.53	0.35	1.87	"Oppo and Fairbanks [1989] Paleoceanography, 14, 333-351"
  A179-4 	16.6	-74.8	2963	2	-1.8	0	1.8	"Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34"
  V12-122	17	-74.4	2800	2	-2.19	-0.07	2.12	"Imbrie et al. [1973] Quat. Res. 3, 10-73, 1973"
  Mean 11°-17°N	14.2				-1.8	0.14	1.95	

G. ruber (white)								
  V12-122	17	-74.4	2800	3	-2.39	-0.3	2.09	"Imbrie et al. [1973] Quat. Res. 3, 10-73, 1973"
  A179-4 	16.6	-74.8	2963	2	-2.04	-0.26	1.78	"Emiliani [1955] J. Geology, 63, 538-578, 1955"
  Mean 17°N	16.8				-2.22	-0.28	1.94	
  OC205-2-108GGC 	26	-78.2	730	8	-1.97	0.62	2.59	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  OC205-2-103GGC 	26.1	-78.1	950	9	-1.78	0.82	2.6	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  OC205-2-100GGC 	26.1	-78	1045	8	-1.68	0.44	2.12	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  OC205-2-97JPC 	25.9	-77.9	1172	3	-1.54	0.55	2.09	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  OC205-2-33GGC 	26.2	-77.7	770	5	-1.57	0.33	1.9	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  OC205-2-149JPC 	26.3	-77.7	423	13	-1.55	0.32	1.87	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  CH01-82 42PC 	26.2	-77.6	985	6	-1.81	0.03	1.84	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  CH01-82-36PC 	26.2	-77.6	651	3	-1.74	0.17	1.91	"Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732"
  Mean 26°N	26.1				-1.71	0.41	2.12	

				Central Atlantic				
G. sacculifer								
  INMD 115 	-17.6	-16.2	3427	1	-0.66	0.39	1.05	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  INMD 111 	-12.7	-13.9	3069	2	-0.98	0.41	1.39	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  V22-174 	-10.1	-12.8	2630	3	-0.9	0.7	1.6	"Imbrie et al. [1984] in Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, vol. 1, edited by A. Berger et al., pp. 269-305, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass."
  INMD 110 	-10	-13.4	1959	2	-1.06	0.27	1.32	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  V22-177	-7.8	-14.6	3290	3	-1.31	0.5	1.81	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  Mean -18° to -8°N	-10.1				-1.06	0.47	1.53	
  V22-182	-0.6	-17.3	3776	4	-0.97	0.48	1.45	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  V30-40	-0.2	-23.2	3706	4	-1.3	0.5	1.8	"McIntyre et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 19-55"
  A180-73	0.2	-23	3.7	3	-1.4	0.4	1.8	"Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34, 1986"
246	0.8	-31.5	3200	4	-1.7	0	1.7	"Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34, 1986"
  RC13-189	1.9	-30	3233	3	-1.73	0.3	2.03	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  16771-2	0.8	-15.5	2764	3	-1.15	0.9	2.05	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  Mean -1°-2°N	0.5				-1.38	0.43	1.81	
  V25-60	3.3	-34.8	3749	2	-1.08	0.19	1.27	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  INMD 104 	4.3	-21.9	3279	2	-1.1	0.19	1.29	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  13519-1	5.7	-19.9	2862	2	-1.35	0.45	1.8	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
234	5.8	-21.7	3600	3	-1.7	0	1.7	"Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34"
  Mean 3°-6°N	4.7				-1.31	0.21	1.52	
  INMD 97	16.7	-46.1	3619	2	-1.38	-0.22	1.17	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"

G. ruber (white)								
  INMD 115	-17.6	-16.2	3427	1	-0.89	-0.06	0.83	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  INMD 111	-12.7	-13.9	3069	2	-1.06	-0.06	1	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  INMD 110	-10	-13.4	1959	2	-0.96	-0.07	0.89	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  Mean -13° to -10°N	-11.3				-1.01	-0.06	0.95	
  GeoB1113-4/7	-5.7	-11	2374	4	-1.59	0.2	1.79	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  INMD 108	-2	-16	3895	1	-1.86	-0.85	1.01	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  INMD 104	4.3	-21.9	3279	2	-1.78	-0.67	1.11	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  Mean -6°-4°N	-1.2				-1.74	-0.44	1.3	
  INMD 97 	16.7	-46.1	3619	2	-1.23	-0.35	0.88	"Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56"
  V22-222	28.9	-43.7	3197	3	-0.87	0.35	1.22	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  V32-08	34.8	-32.4	3252	4	-0.71	1.31	2.02	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"




				Eastern Atlantic				
G. sacculifer								
  RC11-86	-35.8	18.4	2800	7	-0.5	0.6	1.1	"Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34"
  V29-144	-0.2	6.1	2685	4	-1.26	0.38	1.64	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  13289-1/2	18.1	-18.9	2470	3	-1.5	0.8	2.3	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  V30-49	18.4	-21.1	3093	4	-1.26	0.38	1.64	"Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108"
  12329-4/6	19.4	-19.9	3314	3	-1.2	0.95	2.15	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  16030-1	21.2	-18.1	1500	5	-1.15	0.56	1.71	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  Mean 18°-21°N	19.3				-1.28	0.67	1.95	
  12310-3/4	23.5	-18.7	3076	6	-1	1.1	2.1	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"

G. ruber (white)								
  V19-248	-24.5	4.8	3321		-0.15	0.43	0.58	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  GeoB1028-5	-20.1	9.2	2209	5	-0.58	1.31	1.89	"Schneider et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 197-219"
  Mean -25° to -20°N	-22.3				-0.37	0.87	1.24	
  12337-5 KC	16	-18.1	3094	7	-1.86	-0.12	1.74	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  16017-2	21.3	-17.8	812	13	-1	0.41	1.41	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  M12309	26.8	-15.1	2849	6	-0.52	1.62	2.14	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"
  Mean 16° to -27°N	21.3				-1.13	0.64	1.76	
  16004-1	30	-10.6	1512	4	-0.19	1.86	2.05	"Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762"

				Western Pacific				
G. sacculifer								
  RC9-124	-28.7	172.59	2540	1	-0.51	0.44	0.95	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  RC12-109	-25.9	157.87	2930	2	-1.24	0.08	1.32	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  RC12-113	-25	163.5	2454	2	-0.37	0.2	0.57	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  Mean -29° to -25°N	-26.5				-0.71	0.24	0.95	
  ODP 817A	-19.2	149.76	1016	7	-1.6	0.25	1.85	"Haddad et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 203-226"
  RC11-147	-19.1	112.8	2000	3	-1.88	-0.26	1.62	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  V24-161	-18.2	151.45	1670	2	-1.4	-0.19	1.21	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  ODP 818B	-18.1	150.04	745	10	-1.69	-0.13	1.56	"Haddad et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 203-226"
  Mean -19° to -18°N	-18.6				-1.64	-0.08	1.56	
  ODP 821	-16.6	146.29	212	6	-1.83	-0.59	1.24	"Kroon et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 181-188"
  V24-157	-16	147.92	1212	2	-1.76	-0.24	1.52	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  RC10-131	-14.5	157.97	2933	3	-1.96	-0.32	1.64	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  V24-170	-13.5	146.88	2243	2	-1.61	-0.58	1.03	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  V24-184	-13	146.2	2992	1	-1.38	-0.56	0.82	"Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627"
  Mean -17° to 13°N	-14.7				-1.71	-0.46	1.25	
  ERDC 93P	-2.2	157.01	1619	1	-2.13	-0.78	1.35	"Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42"
  ERDC92	-2.2	157	1598	2	-2	-0.765	1.24	"Berger and Killingley [1977] Science, 197, 563-566"
  MW91-15	0	159	2311	3	-2.1	-0.7	1.4	"Patrick and Thunell [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 649-657"
  ERDC128	0	161.4	3700	2	-1.82	-0.73	1.09	"Berger and Killingley [1977] Science, 197, 563-566"
  ODP 806B	0	159.5	2600	16	-1.98	-0.85	1.13	"Berger et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci. Results, 130, 381-395"
  V24-109	0.4	158.8	2367	2	-2.01	-0.4	1.61	"Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42"
  V28-238	1	160.8	3120	2	-1.9	-0.96	0.94	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  ERDC 84P/PG	1.4	157.26	2339	2	-1.8	-0.8	1	"Schiffelbein [1985] Mar. Geol., 64, 313-336"
  RC17-177	1.8	159.45	2600	2	-2.04	-0.64	1.4	"Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42"
  V28-239	3.3	159.18	3490	1	-1.72	-0.84	0.88	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  V28-235	5.5	160.5	1700	2	-1.8	-0.71	1.09	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  WP-2	6.3	126.43	1580	4	-2.5	-0.5	2	"Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265"
  GGC 23	8.2	118.57	990	7	-3.3	-1	2.3	"Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290"
  GGC 27	8.5	118.25	2030	4	-3.2	-1.1	2.1	"Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290"
  Mean -2°-9°N	2.3				-2.16	-0.77	1.39	
  GGC 13	10.6	118.29	990	4	-3.1	-1.72	1.38	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  GGC 9	11.6	118.62	1465	6	-3.7	-1.8	1.9	"Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290"
  GGC 10	11.7	118.51	1605	6	-3.34	-1.63	1.71	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  GGC 11	11.9	118.33	2165	4	-2.94	-1.41	1.53	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  GGC 12	11.9	112.21	2495	4	-3.46	-0.89	2.57	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  GGC 6	12.2	118.07	2975	3	-3.28	-1.4	1.88	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  GGC 4	12.7	117.93	3530	5	-3.07	-1.05	2.02	"Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162"
  WP-1	13.8	125.57	2208	3	-2.5	-0.8	1.7	"Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265"
  Mean 11°-14°N	12				-3.17	-1.34	1.84	
  SO50 29KL	18.4	115.65	3766	5	-1.9	-0.07	1.83	"Schoenfeld and Kudrass [1993] Quat. Res., 40, 368-379"
  V36-06-3	19	116.09	2809	=10	-2	-0.37	1.63	"Wang and Wang [1990] Paleoceanography, 5, 77-90"
  SO49-KL8	19.2	114.2	1040	5	-2.77	-0.75	2.02	"Wang and Wang [1990] Paleoceanography, 5, 77-90"
  V28-255	20	142.5	3261	1		-0.9		"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  WP-3	22.2	122.95	2700	3	-2.1	-0.51	1.59	"Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265"
  Mean 18°-22°N	19.2				-2.22	-0.52	1.83	
  Z14-6	27.1	127.45	739	4	-2.17	-0.5	1.67	"Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265"
  C-4	33.2	137.7	3342	7	-2	0	2	"Chinzei et al. [1987] Mar. Micropaleontol., 11, 273-291"
  Mean 27°-33°N	30.1				-2.09	-0.25	1.84	

				Eastern Pacific				
G. sacculifer								
  RC8-94	-27.28	-102.08	3074	1	0.05	0.81	0.76	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  RC13-81	-19.02	-124.22	3751	2	-0.48	-0.22	0.26	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  V19-55	-17	-114.18	3177	1	-1.09	-0.12	0.97	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  Mean -27° to -17°N	-18.01				-0.79	-0.17	0.62	
  V19-41	-14.1	-96.2	3248			-0.18		"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  Y71-7-45P	-11	-111	3096	1	-1.13	0.24	1.37	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  RC11-230	-8.8	-110.8	3300	2	-1.08	-0.06	1.02	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  Mean -14° to -9°N	-11.3				-1.11	0	1.2	
  TR163-31B	-4	-84	2311	10	-1	0.6	1.6	"Patrick and Thunell [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 649-657"
  V21-33	-3.8	-92.1	3700	2	0.2	1.47	1.27	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  RC13-113	-1.65	-103.63	2195	2	-0.89	-0.1	0.79	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  ODP 847	0.25	-95.3	3334	3	-1.05	0.57	1.62	"Farrell et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 6, 485-498"
  RC11-210	1.8	-140	4400	2	-1.3	-0.09	1.21	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  ODP 851	2.75	-110.5	3760	2	-1.05	-0.05	1	"Cannariato and Ravelo [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 805-820"
  Y69-106P	3	-86.5	2900	2	-1.95	-0.4	1.55	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"
  Mean -4°-3°N	-0.24				-1.01	0.29	1.29	
  BNFC43	10.5	-109	2900	1	-1.8	-0.22	1.58	"Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182"

d