Table 1. Late Holocene (LH) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Planktonic Foraminiferal d18O Values " K. Billups and D. P. Schrag, Surface Ocean Density Gradients during the Last Glacial Maximum" Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union Table 1. Late Holocene (LH) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Planktonic Foraminiferal d18O values Species/Core Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Depth (m) Sedimentation Rate LH d18O LGM d18O Dd18O Reference (cm/kyr) (per mil) (per mil) (per mil) Western Atlantic G. sacculifer GeoB 3202-1 -21.6 -40 1090 4.5 -0.9 0.6 1.5 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" GeoB 3229-2 -19.6 -38.75 780 4.5 -0.75 0.9 1.65 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" Mean -22° to -20°N -20.6 -0.83 0.75 1.58 GeoB 3176-1 -7 -34.5 1385 17 -1.4 0.25 1.65 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" GeoB 2204 -8.5 -34 2072 2 -1.64 0.14 1.78 "Duerkoop et al. [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 764-772" GeoB 3129-1 -4.5 -36.6 830 38 -1.5 0.3 1.8 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" GeoB 3117-1 -4.2 -37.1 930 14 -1.5 0.5 2 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" GeoB 3104-1 -3.6 -37.6 767 6 -1.3 0.4 1.7 "Arz et al. [1999] Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 167, 105-117" V25-56 -3.6 -35.2 3512 4 -1.82 0.1 1.92 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" Mean (-9° to -4°N -5.2 -1.53 0.28 1.81 GeoB 1523-1 3.8 -41.6 3292 2 -1.87 0.24 2.11 "Duerkoop et al. [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 764-772" RC13-184 3.9 -43.3 3446 4 -1.43 0.13 1.56 KNR 110-82GGC 4.3 -43.5 2816 3 -1.61 0.39 2 "Curry and Crowley [1987] Paleoceanography, 2, 489-517" KNR110-43PC 4.7 -43.7 3436 3 -1.61 0.24 1.85 "Curry and Crowley [1987] Paleoceanography, 2, 489-517" V25-75 8.6 -53.2 2743 8 -1.24 0.22 1.46 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" Mean 4°-9°N 5.1 -1.55 0.24 1.8 RC9-49 11.2 -58.6 1851 4 -1.7 0.29 1.99 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" V28-122 11.9 -78.7 3623 7 -1.53 0.35 1.87 "Oppo and Fairbanks [1989] Paleoceanography, 14, 333-351" A179-4 16.6 -74.8 2963 2 -1.8 0 1.8 "Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34" V12-122 17 -74.4 2800 2 -2.19 -0.07 2.12 "Imbrie et al. [1973] Quat. Res. 3, 10-73, 1973" Mean 11°-17°N 14.2 -1.8 0.14 1.95 G. ruber (white) V12-122 17 -74.4 2800 3 -2.39 -0.3 2.09 "Imbrie et al. [1973] Quat. Res. 3, 10-73, 1973" A179-4 16.6 -74.8 2963 2 -2.04 -0.26 1.78 "Emiliani [1955] J. Geology, 63, 538-578, 1955" Mean 17°N 16.8 -2.22 -0.28 1.94 OC205-2-108GGC 26 -78.2 730 8 -1.97 0.62 2.59 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" OC205-2-103GGC 26.1 -78.1 950 9 -1.78 0.82 2.6 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" OC205-2-100GGC 26.1 -78 1045 8 -1.68 0.44 2.12 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" OC205-2-97JPC 25.9 -77.9 1172 3 -1.54 0.55 2.09 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" OC205-2-33GGC 26.2 -77.7 770 5 -1.57 0.33 1.9 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" OC205-2-149JPC 26.3 -77.7 423 13 -1.55 0.32 1.87 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" CH01-82 42PC 26.2 -77.6 985 6 -1.81 0.03 1.84 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" CH01-82-36PC 26.2 -77.6 651 3 -1.74 0.17 1.91 "Slowey and Curry [1992] Paleoceanography, 10, 715-732" Mean 26°N 26.1 -1.71 0.41 2.12 Central Atlantic G. sacculifer INMD 115 -17.6 -16.2 3427 1 -0.66 0.39 1.05 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" INMD 111 -12.7 -13.9 3069 2 -0.98 0.41 1.39 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" V22-174 -10.1 -12.8 2630 3 -0.9 0.7 1.6 "Imbrie et al. [1984] in Milankovitch and Climate: Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing, vol. 1, edited by A. Berger et al., pp. 269-305, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass." INMD 110 -10 -13.4 1959 2 -1.06 0.27 1.32 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" V22-177 -7.8 -14.6 3290 3 -1.31 0.5 1.81 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" Mean -18° to -8°N -10.1 -1.06 0.47 1.53 V22-182 -0.6 -17.3 3776 4 -0.97 0.48 1.45 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" V30-40 -0.2 -23.2 3706 4 -1.3 0.5 1.8 "McIntyre et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 19-55" A180-73 0.2 -23 3.7 3 -1.4 0.4 1.8 "Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34, 1986" 246 0.8 -31.5 3200 4 -1.7 0 1.7 "Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34, 1986" RC13-189 1.9 -30 3233 3 -1.73 0.3 2.03 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" 16771-2 0.8 -15.5 2764 3 -1.15 0.9 2.05 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" Mean -1°-2°N 0.5 -1.38 0.43 1.81 V25-60 3.3 -34.8 3749 2 -1.08 0.19 1.27 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" INMD 104 4.3 -21.9 3279 2 -1.1 0.19 1.29 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" 13519-1 5.7 -19.9 2862 2 -1.35 0.45 1.8 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" 234 5.8 -21.7 3600 3 -1.7 0 1.7 "Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34" Mean 3°-6°N 4.7 -1.31 0.21 1.52 INMD 97 16.7 -46.1 3619 2 -1.38 -0.22 1.17 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" G. ruber (white) INMD 115 -17.6 -16.2 3427 1 -0.89 -0.06 0.83 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" INMD 111 -12.7 -13.9 3069 2 -1.06 -0.06 1 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" INMD 110 -10 -13.4 1959 2 -0.96 -0.07 0.89 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" Mean -13° to -10°N -11.3 -1.01 -0.06 0.95 GeoB1113-4/7 -5.7 -11 2374 4 -1.59 0.2 1.79 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" INMD 108 -2 -16 3895 1 -1.86 -0.85 1.01 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" INMD 104 4.3 -21.9 3279 2 -1.78 -0.67 1.11 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" Mean -6°-4°N -1.2 -1.74 -0.44 1.3 INMD 97 16.7 -46.1 3619 2 -1.23 -0.35 0.88 "Stott and Tang [1996] Paleoceanography, 11, 37-56" V22-222 28.9 -43.7 3197 3 -0.87 0.35 1.22 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" V32-08 34.8 -32.4 3252 4 -0.71 1.31 2.02 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" Eastern Atlantic G. sacculifer RC11-86 -35.8 18.4 2800 7 -0.5 0.6 1.1 "Broecker [1986] Quat. Res., 26, 121-34" V29-144 -0.2 6.1 2685 4 -1.26 0.38 1.64 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" 13289-1/2 18.1 -18.9 2470 3 -1.5 0.8 2.3 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" V30-49 18.4 -21.1 3093 4 -1.26 0.38 1.64 "Mix and Ruddiman [1985] Quat. Sci. Rev., 4, 59-108" 12329-4/6 19.4 -19.9 3314 3 -1.2 0.95 2.15 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" 16030-1 21.2 -18.1 1500 5 -1.15 0.56 1.71 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" Mean 18°-21°N 19.3 -1.28 0.67 1.95 12310-3/4 23.5 -18.7 3076 6 -1 1.1 2.1 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" G. ruber (white) V19-248 -24.5 4.8 3321 -0.15 0.43 0.58 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" GeoB1028-5 -20.1 9.2 2209 5 -0.58 1.31 1.89 "Schneider et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 197-219" Mean -25° to -20°N -22.3 -0.37 0.87 1.24 12337-5 KC 16 -18.1 3094 7 -1.86 -0.12 1.74 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" 16017-2 21.3 -17.8 812 13 -1 0.41 1.41 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" M12309 26.8 -15.1 2849 6 -0.52 1.62 2.14 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" Mean 16° to -27°N 21.3 -1.13 0.64 1.76 16004-1 30 -10.6 1512 4 -0.19 1.86 2.05 "Wang et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 10, 749-762" Western Pacific G. sacculifer RC9-124 -28.7 172.59 2540 1 -0.51 0.44 0.95 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" RC12-109 -25.9 157.87 2930 2 -1.24 0.08 1.32 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" RC12-113 -25 163.5 2454 2 -0.37 0.2 0.57 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" Mean -29° to -25°N -26.5 -0.71 0.24 0.95 ODP 817A -19.2 149.76 1016 7 -1.6 0.25 1.85 "Haddad et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 203-226" RC11-147 -19.1 112.8 2000 3 -1.88 -0.26 1.62 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" V24-161 -18.2 151.45 1670 2 -1.4 -0.19 1.21 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" ODP 818B -18.1 150.04 745 10 -1.69 -0.13 1.56 "Haddad et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 203-226" Mean -19° to -18°N -18.6 -1.64 -0.08 1.56 ODP 821 -16.6 146.29 212 6 -1.83 -0.59 1.24 "Kroon et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci Results, 133, 181-188" V24-157 -16 147.92 1212 2 -1.76 -0.24 1.52 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" RC10-131 -14.5 157.97 2933 3 -1.96 -0.32 1.64 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" V24-170 -13.5 146.88 2243 2 -1.61 -0.58 1.03 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" V24-184 -13 146.2 2992 1 -1.38 -0.56 0.82 "Anderson et al. [1989] Paleoceanography, 4, 615-627" Mean -17° to 13°N -14.7 -1.71 -0.46 1.25 ERDC 93P -2.2 157.01 1619 1 -2.13 -0.78 1.35 "Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42" ERDC92 -2.2 157 1598 2 -2 -0.765 1.24 "Berger and Killingley [1977] Science, 197, 563-566" MW91-15 0 159 2311 3 -2.1 -0.7 1.4 "Patrick and Thunell [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 649-657" ERDC128 0 161.4 3700 2 -1.82 -0.73 1.09 "Berger and Killingley [1977] Science, 197, 563-566" ODP 806B 0 159.5 2600 16 -1.98 -0.85 1.13 "Berger et al. [1993] Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci. Results, 130, 381-395" V24-109 0.4 158.8 2367 2 -2.01 -0.4 1.61 "Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42" V28-238 1 160.8 3120 2 -1.9 -0.96 0.94 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" ERDC 84P/PG 1.4 157.26 2339 2 -1.8 -0.8 1 "Schiffelbein [1985] Mar. Geol., 64, 313-336" RC17-177 1.8 159.45 2600 2 -2.04 -0.64 1.4 "Le and Shackelton [1992] Quat. Sci. Rev., 7, 21-42" V28-239 3.3 159.18 3490 1 -1.72 -0.84 0.88 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" V28-235 5.5 160.5 1700 2 -1.8 -0.71 1.09 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" WP-2 6.3 126.43 1580 4 -2.5 -0.5 2 "Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265" GGC 23 8.2 118.57 990 7 -3.3 -1 2.3 "Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290" GGC 27 8.5 118.25 2030 4 -3.2 -1.1 2.1 "Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290" Mean -2°-9°N 2.3 -2.16 -0.77 1.39 GGC 13 10.6 118.29 990 4 -3.1 -1.72 1.38 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" GGC 9 11.6 118.62 1465 6 -3.7 -1.8 1.9 "Miao et al. [1994] Paleoceanography, 9, 269-290" GGC 10 11.7 118.51 1605 6 -3.34 -1.63 1.71 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" GGC 11 11.9 118.33 2165 4 -2.94 -1.41 1.53 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" GGC 12 11.9 112.21 2495 4 -3.46 -0.89 2.57 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" GGC 6 12.2 118.07 2975 3 -3.28 -1.4 1.88 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" GGC 4 12.7 117.93 3530 5 -3.07 -1.05 2.02 "Thunell et al. [1992] Paleoceanography, 7, 143-162" WP-1 13.8 125.57 2208 3 -2.5 -0.8 1.7 "Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265" Mean 11°-14°N 12 -3.17 -1.34 1.84 SO50 29KL 18.4 115.65 3766 5 -1.9 -0.07 1.83 "Schoenfeld and Kudrass [1993] Quat. Res., 40, 368-379" V36-06-3 19 116.09 2809 =10 -2 -0.37 1.63 "Wang and Wang [1990] Paleoceanography, 5, 77-90" SO49-KL8 19.2 114.2 1040 5 -2.77 -0.75 2.02 "Wang and Wang [1990] Paleoceanography, 5, 77-90" V28-255 20 142.5 3261 1 -0.9 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" WP-3 22.2 122.95 2700 3 -2.1 -0.51 1.59 "Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265" Mean 18°-22°N 19.2 -2.22 -0.52 1.83 Z14-6 27.1 127.45 739 4 -2.17 -0.5 1.67 "Thunell et al. [1994] Quat. Res., 41, 255-265" C-4 33.2 137.7 3342 7 -2 0 2 "Chinzei et al. [1987] Mar. Micropaleontol., 11, 273-291" Mean 27°-33°N 30.1 -2.09 -0.25 1.84 Eastern Pacific G. sacculifer RC8-94 -27.28 -102.08 3074 1 0.05 0.81 0.76 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" RC13-81 -19.02 -124.22 3751 2 -0.48 -0.22 0.26 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" V19-55 -17 -114.18 3177 1 -1.09 -0.12 0.97 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" Mean -27° to -17°N -18.01 -0.79 -0.17 0.62 V19-41 -14.1 -96.2 3248 -0.18 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" Y71-7-45P -11 -111 3096 1 -1.13 0.24 1.37 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" RC11-230 -8.8 -110.8 3300 2 -1.08 -0.06 1.02 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" Mean -14° to -9°N -11.3 -1.11 0 1.2 TR163-31B -4 -84 2311 10 -1 0.6 1.6 "Patrick and Thunell [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 649-657" V21-33 -3.8 -92.1 3700 2 0.2 1.47 1.27 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" RC13-113 -1.65 -103.63 2195 2 -0.89 -0.1 0.79 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" ODP 847 0.25 -95.3 3334 3 -1.05 0.57 1.62 "Farrell et al. [1995] Paleoceanography, 6, 485-498" RC11-210 1.8 -140 4400 2 -1.3 -0.09 1.21 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" ODP 851 2.75 -110.5 3760 2 -1.05 -0.05 1 "Cannariato and Ravelo [1997] Paleoceanography, 12, 805-820" Y69-106P 3 -86.5 2900 2 -1.95 -0.4 1.55 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" Mean -4°-3°N -0.24 -1.01 0.29 1.29 BNFC43 10.5 -109 2900 1 -1.8 -0.22 1.58 "Shackleton [1977] Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 280, 169-182" d