# Paleo-pCO2 Database 20 Million Year Northern China Paleosol d13C Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24010 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/caves2016paleosol.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-05-08 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-05-08 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database 20 Million Year Northern China Paleosol d13C Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Caves, J.K.; Moragne, D.Y.; Ibarra, D.E.; Bayshashov, B.U.; Gao, Y.; Jones, M.M.; Zhamangara, A.; Arzhannikova, A.V.; Arzhannikov, S.G.; Chamberlain, C.P. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleosol d13C from northern China for 6 to 20 million years before present, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Jeremy K. Caves, Danielle Y. Moragne, Daniel E. Ibarra, Bolat U. Bayshashov, Yuan Gao, Matthew M. Jones, Aizhan Zhamangara, Anastasia V. Arzhannikova, Sergey G. Arzhannikov, C. Page Chamberlain # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-11-01 # Published_Title: The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia # Journal_Name: Geology # Volume: 44 # Edition: # Issue: 11 # Pages: 887-890 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1130/G38267.1 # Online_Resource: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/44/11/887/195062/the-neogene-de-greening-of-central-asia # Full_Citation: # Abstract: There remains substantial debate concerning the relative roles of tectonics and global climate in driving the evolution of climate in Central Asia. Today, interior Asia-including the Taklamakan, Gobi, and Ordos Deserts-is exceptionally arid and is surrounded by distinct rainfall boundaries, such as those generated by the Asian monsoon systems to the east and south and those generated by high topography to the north and west. Determining how and why these boundaries have varied over the Neogene is hindered by the lack of a single proxy that can be broadly applied through space and time. We construct isoscapes of pedogenic carbonate d13C (d13Cc) over the Neogene in Asia by combining a compilation of 2236 published measurements with new data from three localities in northern Central Asia. Pedogenic carbonate d13C records local aridity-excepting localities impacted by C4 grasslands and during large changes in atmospheric pCO2-through variations in soil respiration, depth of carbonate formation, and the effect of water stress on plant d13C. Together, these effects reflect changes in both primary productivity and mean annual precipitation. Throughout the Neogene, we find consistent and exceptionally high d13Cc in interior Asia with a ring of lower d13Cc that demarcates higher precipitation. This persistent ring of lower d13Cc corresponds in the south and east with the influence of the Asian monsoon systems; in the west and north, it reflects both orographic rainfall due to uplift of the Tian Shan and to moisture delivery by the mid-latitude westerlies. Finally, d13Cc and, hence, aridity increases regionally in the latest Neogene, reflecting the effects of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and cooling. This widespread "de-greening" would have increased regional albedo and modified basin-scale water balances, resulting in greater dust fluxes due to reduced vegetative cover and precipitation. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Northern China # Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China # Country: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 44.2 # Southernmost_Latitude: 43.7 # Easternmost_Longitude: 114.6 # Westernmost_Longitude: 112.9 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Caves2016paleosol # Earliest_Year: 20500000 # Most_Recent_Year: 6500000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # "Contributors: Dan Breecker, Matt Kohn, Lee Nordt, Morgan Schaller, Neil Tabor, Jeremy Caves, Nathan Sheldon, Katie Snell, Gabe Bowen" Data Sources Contextual Information Measured Values Derived Values Other measurements/observations CO2 estimates Name Contact Citation Publication Year DOI Additional citations/doi Explanation of additional citations/doi Sample ID Rock formation name Site latitude Site longitude Stratigraphic level Age Age_max Age_min Reference(s) for age d13Ccc d13Ccc uncertainty n d13Ccc Reference for d13Ccc d13Coccluded om d13Coccluded om uncertainty n d13Coccluded om d13Cbulk paleosol om d13Cbulk paleosol om uncertainty n d13Cbulk paleosol om Reference for d13Com D47 D47 uncertainty n D47 Reference for D47 analytical method and corrections Depth to carbonate horizon Burial Depth SiO2 SiO2 uncertainty TiO2 TiO2 uncertainty Al2O3 Al2O3 uncertainty Fe2O3 Fe2O3 uncertainty MnO MnO uncertainty MgO MgO uncertainty CaO CaO uncertainty Na2O Na2O uncertainty K2O K2O uncertainty P2O5 P2O5 uncertainty ZrO2 ZrO2 uncertainty n geochemical analyses d13Cr d13Cr approach d13Cr reference(s) d13Cr uncertainty d13Ca d13Ca approach d13Ca reference(s) d13Ca uncertainty Temperature of calcium carbonate formation Temperature estimation approach Temperature uncertainty Reference for D47 - temperature calibration Reference(s) for other temperature approach d13Cs d13Cs reference(s) d13Cs uncertainty Uncompacted depth to carbonate horizon Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) MAP uncertainty MAP approach MAP reference(s) "Component of soil pore space CO2 from respiraiton, i.e. S(z)" S(z) approach S(z) uncertainty Soil horizon for organic matter Soil order Soil depth Depth of carbonte sample in horizon Soil texture (Grain size) Carbonate type Calcite spar (large crystals) avoided? Soil horizon for organic matter Depth of om sample in soil horizon Organic matter type Method of removal of calcium carbonate prior to om analysis Defining features for soil order designation Analyzed for bulk geochemistry? Bulk geochem type Atmospheric CO2 mean Atmospheric CO2 median Atmospheric CO2 uncertainty Atmopsheric CO2_97.5 percentile Atmopsheric CO2_2.5 percentile error propagation method variables considered in error propagation Notes Name of person entering data email address published reference of data Year of publication DOI link to reference Additional publications that are part of the dataset Explanation for each additional publications link to the dataset (m) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰) ±2s (‰ PDB) (cm) (m) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) (°C) (°C) (‰ PDB) (cm) (mm) (mm) ppm ppm "A, B, C, etc." (cm) (cm) "e.g., nodules, rhizoliths, clast coatings" Yes/No Yes/No which elements were measured? ppmV ppmV ppmV ppmV ppmV Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 19 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 29.4 15.9 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.30 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.31 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 477 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 17B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 27.4 16.3 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.33 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.69 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 523 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 17A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 27.4 16.3 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.33 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.70 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 523 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 18 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 26.4 16.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.34 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.39 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 477 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 16 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 21.4 17.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.60 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.02 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 512 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 15 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 20.4 17.7 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.65 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.31 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 410 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 14 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 2.5 18.1 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.79 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.72 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 427 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 13 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 15.9 18.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.89 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.82 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 570 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 12 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 15.2 18.6 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.90 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.76 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 549 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 11 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 13.7 18.8 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.96 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.47 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 497 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 10B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 11.7 19.1 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.99 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.63 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 392 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 10A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 11.4 19.2 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.72 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 405 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 9 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 8.4 19.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.04 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.56 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 385 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 8B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 6.9 19.7 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -7.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.05 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.03 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 460 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 8A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 6.4 19.7 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.2 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.05 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.10 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 603 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 7B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 6.3 19.8 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.2 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.05 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.10 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 462 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – concretion Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 7A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 5.8 19.8 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.3 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.05 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.21 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 476 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 6B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 5.5 19.9 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.07 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.92 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 450 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 6A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 5.0 19.9 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.07 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.07 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 438 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 5A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 4.5 20.0 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.07 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.57 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 404 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 5B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 4.0 20.0 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.07 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.66 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 393 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 4 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 3.0 20.1 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.06 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.63 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 406 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – laterally extensive caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 3 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 2.8 20.2 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.08 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.81 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 430 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – concretion Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 2 Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 2.0 20.3 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.10 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.51 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 528 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 1B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 0.3 20.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.2 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.10 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.15 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 433 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 1A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 0.3 20.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.10 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.82 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 515 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 0A Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 0.0 20.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.10 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.50 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 472 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 0B Aoerban Fm. 43.347 113.906 0.0 20.5 20.5 15.0 "Meng, J., Kraatz, B.P., Wang, Y., Ni, X., Gebo, D.L., Beard, K.C., 2009. A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3670, 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186." -6.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.10 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.43 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 398 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 19 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 19.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.01 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.47 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 388 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 16 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 16.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -4.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.01 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -12.99 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 264 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 13B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 13.5 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.02 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.64 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 241 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 13A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 13.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -3.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.02 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -12.74 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 406 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 11A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 11.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.02 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.59 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 404 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 11B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 11.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.02 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.49 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 393 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 6 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 6.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.3 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.27 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 477 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 3 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 3.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.99 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.47 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 505 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 1A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 1.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.72 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 553 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 1B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 1.0 12.2 11.0 11.0 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.43 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 505 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 10 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 9.0 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.45 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.82 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 519 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 8 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 8.0 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.51 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.64 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 541 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 7 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 7.0 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.3 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.51 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.19 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 644 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 6 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 5.5 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -8.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.57 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -17.01 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 717 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 5 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 4.5 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.57 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.52 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 581 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 4 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 3.8 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.57 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.45 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 451 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 3 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 3.0 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.2 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.64 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.15 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 954 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 2 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 2.5 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.67 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.74 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 719 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root traces in float Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 1 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 1.5 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.2 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.67 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.09 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 820 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 0 Lower Tunggur Fm. 43.798 113.078 0.0 15.0 13.2 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.72 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.95 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 626 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 7 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 43.0 6.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.15 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.63 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 491 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 3 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 42.5 6.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.15 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.96 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 505 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 6 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 42.0 6.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.15 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.80 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 585 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 4 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 41.5 6.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.15 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.06 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 641 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 5 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 41.3 6.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.15 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.49 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 603 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 8B Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 40.3 6.6 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.14 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.75 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 452 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 8A Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 40.3 6.6 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.09 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -13.95 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 255 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 9 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 37.3 6.7 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.09 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.72 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 546 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 10 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 24.3 7.4 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -4.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -12.92 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 500 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 11 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 22.3 7.4 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.60 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 445 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 12 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 17.0 7.7 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.32 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 421 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 14 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 15.0 7.8 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.74 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 386 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 13 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 14.0 7.8 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.90 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 397 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 15 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 13.0 7.9 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.48 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 385 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – durapan Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 16 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 12.0 7.9 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.55 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 498 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 17 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 11.0 8.0 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.5 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.96 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.47 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 455 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 18 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 10.0 8.0 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.95 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.38 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 418 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – caliche Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 19 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 8.0 8.1 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.95 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.02 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 263 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 20 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 7.0 8.2 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -5.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.94 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.71 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 255 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – abundant gastropod layer Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 21 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 4.0 8.3 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -4.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.14 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -13.07 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 366 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – greenish sand; nodules Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 22 Baogedawula Fm. 44.145 114.596 0.0 8.5 8.5 6.0 "Luo, X., Chen, Q., 1990. Preliminary study on Geochronology for Cenozoic Basalts from Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral. 9, 34–46.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2006. Faunal succession and biochronology of the Miocene through Pliocene in Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia). Vertebr. Palasiat. 44, 164–181." -4.0 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.14 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -12.96 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 614 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 42 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 42.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.04 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 713 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 41 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 41.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.49 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 606 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 40A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 40.5 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.30 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 667 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – sandstone Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 40B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 40.5 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -6.00 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.77 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 763 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 36A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 36.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.8 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.72 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 667 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 34.5 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 34.5 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -7.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -16.37 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 763 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 32B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 32.9 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.3 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.22 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 401 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 32C Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 32.8 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.08 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 449 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 32A Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 32.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.1 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.05 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 476 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – root trace Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 31.5 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 31.5 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.7 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.97 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.63 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 449 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 27 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 27.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.4 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.96 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.30 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 296 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 27B Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 27.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.3 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.96 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.27 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 490 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 26 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 26.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -4.6 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.96 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -13.53 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 476 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 24 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 24.0 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -6.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.94 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -15.79 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 425 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – nodule Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation Jeremy Caves Rugenstein jeremy.caves@gmail.com "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." 2016 10.1130/G38267.1 23 Upper Tunggur Fm. 43.745 112.900 23.8 13.2 11.5 13.2 "Qiu, Z.-D., Wang, X., Li, Q., 2013. Neogene Faunal Succession and Biochronology of Central Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), in: Wang, X., Flynn, L.J., Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 155–186.; Wang, X., Qiu, Z., Opdyke, N.D., 2003. Litho-, Bio-, and Magnetostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (Middle Miocene) in Central Inner Mongolia, China. Am. Museum Novit. 3411, 1–31. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)411<0001:LBAMAP>2.0.CO;2" -5.9 0.1 1 "Caves, J.K., Moragne, D.Y., Ibarra, D.E., Bayshashov, B.U., Gao, Y., Jones, M.M., Zhamangara, A., Arzhannikova, A. V., Arzhannikov, S.G., Chamberlain, C.P., 2016. The Neogene de-greening of Central Asia. Geology 44, 887–890." – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -25 assumed based upon standard C3 plant composition and 2‰ offset with soil OM -5.94 Marine d13Ca Tipple et al. (2010) – 25 assumed based upon formation during hottest summer months -14.82 Cerling (1999) – – – – – – 569 Estimated using Cerling paleobarometer – – – – – – matrix Yes – – – – – No – – – – – – – – Age model assumes constant sedimentation